CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES - Assignment Examples for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the frequency of autism in the United States is 1 out of every 68 children (Bakken, Obiakor, and Rotatori 37). This translates into 1 out of every 42 boys and 1 out of every in 189 girls.According to IDEA, deaf-blindness means simultaneous visual and hearing handicaps, the mix of which results in such serious communication and other academic and growth needs that the affected child cannot accommodate in special academic programs meant for children with visual or hearing handicaps (Mamlin 35).IDEA defines deafness as a hearing handicap so serious that a child is limited in interpreting linguistic information via hearing, with or without sound intensification, which negatively affects the academic ability of a child (Doyle 107).This is a retainer marked by the following attributes a learning problem that cannot be rationalized by sensory, medical, or talented issues an inability to establish o r sustain good interpersonal relationships with teachers and other classmates a general ubiquitous feeling o depression or melancholy inappropriate emotions or types of conduct in conventionalism situations and a habit of developing physical traits or phobias related to personal or academic problems (Colker 47). These attributes ar displayed over a long period and to a considerable extent that detrimentally affects the academic action of a child. This definition includes schizophrenia but is inapplicable to socially maladjusted children, unless it is verified that they are emotionally disturbed.8.3 million children (14.5 percent) between the ages of four and seventeen have parents who have consulted healthcare providers or academic personnel about their emotional or behavioral challenges (Colker 109). Doctors have prescribed drugs for these problems for around 2.9 million.This disability is defined as a handicap in hearing, whether intermittent or permanent, that has a regressiv e effect on the educational ability of a child,

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Literature review - Essay Examplecribe the previous presidential elections The stakes in the election hand been raised by the use of these terms, just now the changes that have resulted from these elections have not lived up to the importance given to the election, save for a few of the presidential elections that go cover quite a way in time. Examples of these lie in the first Presidential election in 1789 that made George Washington the President, as it set the pattern of the four year tenure of the President the 1800 Presidential election, which saw for the first time power changing hands from one political party to the former(a) the 1864 Presidential election that returned Abraham Lincoln to continue the fight, and bring to an end the stalemate in the Civil fight and the 1932 Presidential election that brought Franklin D. Roosevelt to power and the manner in which he changed the scope and power of the federal government. promptly this election is being acclaimed as the most i mportant election in history. There is a decisive change that it might bring and that is in the form of the first African-American President. Other changes are promised, but they have to be delivered and be momentous for it to rank among the important elections in the history of the U.S.A.Democratic presidential candidate Obama received a surprise endorsement from the respected Republican retired General and former monument of State Colin L. Powell, who at one time was t discloseed as a possible first African American President. Critics of this endorsement in the Republican Party have charged that this endorsement of Powell stems from the Obama being an African American, time his opponent Republican presidential candidate is white his resentment of the present Republican President George chaparral and the opportunism of Powell, with Obama leading in the opinion polls.Powell defends his endorsement of Obama saying that it is a well thought out move after assessing the two candida tes, the initiatives that they will take as President, the

Describe the most important events during the period, 1940 to present Essay

Describe the most important events during the period, 1940 to impersonate - Essay ExampleWorld war II, which took place from 1939-1945, was the most widespread war in history.It touch on the worlds most important nations, who had eventually divided into two alliances the Allies and the Axis. The Allies consisted of countries such as United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union, while the Axis mainly included Ger many a(prenominal), Italy and Japan. It started off by Germany invading Poland, which lead to declaration of war on Germany by France, and Great Britain. Germany responded by invading Norway and Denmark, and therefore advanced towards France. One of the crucial points in the war was when Germany launched a series if airstrikes against Britain, which came to be known as the Battle of Britain. However, Germany was unable to achieve its objective of gaining control over Britain and was forced to retreat. The acts which took this war to the next take aim were those of Japan attacking Pearl Harbor, and Germany invading the Soviet Union. Germany had launched a full assault against the Soviet Union, and had managed to attach almost the half of the country. While Japans attack on Pearl Harbor, brought United States into the war, which antecedently had been following a policy of isolation. The entrance of the United States completely titled the war into the Allies favor. The Germans were thwarted in the Soviet Union, and a nuclear attack on Japan on 6th noble-minded 1945, brought the war to an end and resulted in the victory of the allies (BBC History). World War II holds immense diachronic importance. Firstly, it showed that the League of Nations, which was international body required to maintain peace, had failed. This lead to the development of the United Nations, which is an international brass aiming to maintain world peace. Since then United Nations has played its part trying to stop further wars from victorious place, and promoting negoti ation amid opposing countries. Furthermore, the Second World War stop the spreading of dictatorships in many areas. Hitler, leader of Germany, was adamant to spread his ideology worldwide and to destroy all democratic institutions. Thus, the war stopped him and his allies from becoming victorious. Moreover, this war showed the whole world, the massive damage that can be done with a nuclear attack, and such attacks should be prevented in future, at all costs. frigid War was another slender event, which took place between the two great powers United States and the Soviet Union. There was not any position conflict between the two powers, and was more as a war of ideologies. Several clashes took place between the capitalist and communist forces in different areas of the world, which were backed by United States and the Soviet Union respectively. The origins of the Cold War can be traced back to the Second World War, when United States dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, sending an ind irect signal to the Soviet Union, showing their strength and potential. The Soviet Union wanted to enlarge its empire and the communist ideology, while U.S.A felt threatened by these expansionary aims of Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was a period of tension between the two super powers, and it reached its peak during the events of the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cuban rocket Crisis and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Both the powers almost reached the verge of nuclear war and then pulled back. It ended with the

Business Strategy in a Global Environment Essay - 1

Business Strategy in a Global Environment - Essay ExampleThe modernistic business scenario opens invigorated vista for growth for every corporates. There are deeper challenges before them. The task before entrepreneurs is to make use of the wider growth electric potential and font challenges more comprehensively. In this scenario, companies have to devise a new approach for growth and give operate global strategy to face the competition and face challenges ahead. Knowledge forethought, risk management, strategic management, and resource management are many of the new terms in this global business scenario. Companies need to taken into consideration market information in other parts of the country and purchasing and behaving patterns of plenty in potential markets before devising strategies and roadmaps for growth.International switch is termed as exchange of products and services across boundaries of countries and continents. From the beginning of forgiving history there had been some kind of trade between individuals and communities. Exchange of service and trade had been a voluntary action among individuals and communities in the beginning. They offset communities shared their excess resources and additional services to co habitants without expecting any monitory benefits. At that resources were abundant and majority of people were involved in agriculture. But as the civilizations emerged and people have settled in particular airfield, some kind of economics introduced to the exchange of good and services. plurality have traveled around the world searching better prospects. Europeans and Chinese travelers had sailed and find out new routes and destinations. They sourced products from Asia, conjugationern America and Europe and sell in other markets. This can be considered as the first step of cross continent and national trade. Later trade has emerged as a major area for most of the countries around the world. Most of the wars fought were on the trade interest. Emperors sailed and traveled world over searching of bigger trade prospective. It was in the colonial period that globalization in its actual concept was evolved. The Europeans had conquered countries in Asia, Africa and North America with larger trade interest. They find it easy to source products and human power to improve trade prospects. The companies in Europe had entered into these markets and expanded their products and services. Later the colonialists could not carry the huge burden of this undeveloped area and population as the freedom struggle got intensified. So they left-hand(a) these colonies and most of them got independence. Western companies had also left these newly independent countries. The trade policies of these newly formed countries were more inward looking and there were some kind of xenophobia. But in the second half of the 20th century, many of these countries realized the necessity of technology, new products and services. The cold wa r had seen some kind of polarization even in the trade scenario. The so called socialistic countries had grouped with former United States of Socialist Republic or Soviet Union. Europeans countries and United States had formed some other alliance of developed countries. The international trade during that time was also highly polarized. It was British, European and Americans, who had started the trend of go into overseas markets seeking better

Basic Flight Physiology (By Richard O. Reinhart) Essay - 1

Basic Flight Physiology (By Richard O. Reinhart) - Essay ExampleMy nonplus is afraid of planes and says that in the plane she has claustrophobia. Like the person described by Richard Reinhart, she drinks coffee and smokes cigarettes in straddle to improve her state. But this is a mistake. Coffee increases mental tune, therefore in order to prevent the stress before the flight it is necessary to have a nice sleep, rest and nice diet (Reinhart, 1996).2. The close do process is very essential because it is closely connected with proper flight risk evaluation. hither I would like to analyze the situation that in which the pilot is to decide, if to make a very Copernican flight in not corresponding weather. In order to avoid poor decision do in the state of stress or any other state, it is necessary to use risk-assessment framework. The four elements of the suggested model will help to assess the situation and make right decisionAll four elements should be recovered and combined to build the whole situation and make the proper decision. The application of an distinguish decision making model can help make a right decision in difficult situation. miserable decisions are the result of wrong situation assessment ((Reinhart, 1996).3. Payne Stewart flight resulted in a mishap introductory of all because of poor aircraft maintenance that is the second element of the suggested model. Cabin pressure problems were not solved flop and the maintenance was postponed. This was done illegally and the pilots were not ready for the situation and did not wear oxygen masks on time (Reinhart, 1996).4. The accident with JFK Jr. flight happened because of two reasons. First, Kennedy was the only pilot in the aircraft and did not access his own skills properly before risky flight. This is a first element of our model. Secondly, the weather was not appropriate for a shadow flight. The weather was foggy and Kennedy listened to the report, but still decided to make a night fli ght. It was a wrong decision made

Decision Making in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decision Making in work out - Essay ExampleOverview Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) This refers to the excision of the uterus and cervix. This procedure is indicated in a categorization of conditions including ovarian cancer, cervical dysplasia, pelvic relaxation, uterine prolapse, endometriosis and uterine fibroids (leiomyomas). About 10% of TAH is do for cancer, provided the remaining 90% is performed due to non emergency and non cancerous reasons. This procedure may in any case be performed in when a enduring continually experiences unusual pelvic pain. TAH ensures that a woman is not able to stomach children again. The procedure is of advantage as it allows a total examination of the abdominal cavity and pelvis, hence, it allows for the investigation of cancer and new(prenominal) unclear growths. Statistics reveal that approximately 300 women out of 100,000 women in the US undergo TAH. Even in non emergency and non cancerous conditions, TAH poses remarkable challenges for omen and health cargon practitioners (Anspach 2009, p65). During TAH, the uterus and cervix are destitute from the fallopian tubes, upper vagina, ovaries, and the adjoining connective tissue and blood vessels. As a result of this, complications arising from the procedure are likely to be marked. The procedure, lasting somewhat 2 hours, is regularly performed in general anesthesia so that the uncomplaining does not wake up during the procedure. In order to minimize infections, vaginal cleansing is done and antibiotics are administered to the patient before the procedure is done. A urinary catheter is first passed through the patients urethra so that the bladder is emptied. This urinary catheter will remain in the patient throughout the procedure and some(prenominal) time after the procedure. Vertical and/or horizontal incisions are then made on the abdomen so that the uterus is exposed (Mehta 2008, p56). Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy (BSO) This refers to the surgical exc ision of both sets fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is commonly done with TAH and is referred to as TAH/BSO which is done in about one third of all hysterectomies. BSO is done to treat gynecological cancers and infections. It is also indicated in cases of ectopic pregnancies that occur in the fallopian tube. Just like in TAH, general anesthesia is precondition to the patient before the start of the procedure, before an incision is made to remove the organs (Ricks 2008, p78). Management of the patient BAH/BSO is a surgical procedure, hence, it has a lot of complications ranging from surgical site infections, extreme pain and bleeding. All these, if not controlled, will are fatal. After the surgery, the patient stayed in the recovery room for some hours. The patient was then monitored to check whether there were any signs of pain. The patient had some pain, hence, we administered some analgesics and we also administered broad spectrum antibiotics to the patient so that infections woul d be prevented. Since the procedure requires close monitoring and management, the patient was required to stay in the hospital for about 4 to 5 days. There was also par vaginal bleeding, which we controlled and managed through the use of sanitary towels. Since it is normal for a patient who has undergone the procedure to have bloody vaginal discharge, we provided a lot of sanitary pads to the patient for purposes of controlling the excessive bleeding (Berek 2008, p87). Catheter Care The catheter was placed to the

Sustainable destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable destination - Essay ExampleIn several peoples mind, they would interpret sustainable touristry as sustaining attraction in ensuring that there is a regular flow of visitors, but according to Leslie (2012), sustainable touristry is the development that meets the necessities of the present environment with no compromise in the capability of the prospect generations to attain their own necessities. Primarily, sustainable tourism advocates for the intelligent use and keep of resources with the intention of upholding their long-term feasibility. Therefore, this paper testament critically evaluate tourism practices also how the practices align with principles of sustainability it will also evaluate two tourism operations in order to analyze their sustainability practices.According to Leslie (2012), sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and the confederacy while generating income and employment for the community. touristry frequently relies on high quality and stimulating destinations environment, therefore, tourism is the protection to the economy, environment, and the social agenda to the government, since it plays a role in the conservation as a justification for the delivery and upgrading of cultural and natural heritage (Leslie, 2012).From the time when the Agenda 21 was the development intended for the Travel and Tourism Industry, the term sustainability has become commonly used word several debates in tourism. The idea of sustainability in tourism has stirred past the common definition of ecotourism to embrace several other concepts of tourism. However, the implication of sustainable tourism practices are far from universal and researchers have expressed their frustration at the slow pace of intensify (Leslie, 2012). While some industries and companies have changed considerably in the adjustment of behaviors in becoming more socially, economically, and environmentally responsible, it appear s that the tourism

Cooperative Learning (Education) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cooperative Learning (Education) - Essay guinea pigEvery person perceives and processes the acquisition of knowledge in different ways and these preferences can be depict as unique acquisition styles. Thus learning is transformed into awareness to the learner who recognizes their possess preferred mode of learning and assistance being given to develop a learning catalog done several experiences combined with alternative modes.The 4MAT system of learning developed by Bernice McCarthy can be identify as Innovative learners wherein this type of learners is primarily interested in personal meaning. They require reasons for learning, reasons that enable partnership between acquired information and personal experiences combined with this application to every day life. Instructional modes that are sound with such winsome of learners are through Cooperative learning, brain storming sessions and integration of content areas.The next kind is Analytic learners who are primarily interest ed in acquiring details thereby intensifying their cause of concepts. The analytic learners gain knowledge through Lectures, research analysis of data and listening to the experts.The common star learners prefer to investigate in the working of things. Experimental learning activities utilizing hands on missions are scoop suited for them. Dynamic learners are more interested in self directed discovery. They follow their own intuition and seek to teach others as well. Independent study combined with simulations and role play proves to be effective style of learning.There are various techniques of imparting knowledge to the entity who acquires knowledge. Cooperative learning is a teaching technique wherein small teams involving the students of different levels based on their ability utilize numerous learning activities in order to improve their comprehension of a subject. Cooperative learning exists when students work together to sue shared learning goals. (Johnson, 1999).Every pa rticipant of the team is

Dysfunctional Family as Portrayed in Hollywood Movies Essay

Dysfunctional Family as Portrayed in Hollywood Movies - Essay ExampleThese movies brinyly play up those characters who argon little different from others or rather behave in a strange manner. These characters are mainly dealt with, in a humorous waywhich evokes laughter as well as makes it deserving watching, as after all providing entertainment is one of the main goals of the film industry. These movies mainly centre on the fact how the life of these characters act as a hindrance to the growth of their families and in the process becomes the main subject of such movies. We can discuss the portrayal of these Dysfunctionalfamilies in Hollywood Movies with reference to hardly a(prenominal) of its remarkable presentations.This film is one of the most famous works of Wes Andersen. The whole storyline revolves around a dysfunctional family. Gene Hackman is one of that Royal Tenenbauam who was the father of three children but was unaware of the fact as to how to raise them in a proper manner. However the three children achieved success in their life mainly due to a lady called Mrs. T. Anjelica Houston has played this role in this movie. However though they are prosperous they are to some extent neurotic. In the movie we find certain phases which evoke hilarity. Bill Murray is shown as a confused husband and also confusion seems to be there regarding the fact whether Danny Glover is Mrs. Tenenbaums fianc or not. Royal, one of the main characters of this movie is shown to be a person who in his old age is desire for attention from his family. This expectation of his however never materializes as his children are busier with their personal life and his wife Mrs. T is also planning to get remarried. He however manages to get the attention of one of the clans but that to a fault for a few days. It is regarded as one of the brilliant films of Mr. Andersen and his rise as a mainstream director from be just an independent director proves it. (The Royal Tenenbaums)Thi s is a film

To Be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

To Be Determined - screen ExampleThe Shoemakers Holiday is a horizontal surface where the author paints a picture of capital of the United Kingdom, the normal customs and trades. The story portrays a note of optimism throughout and incorporates essentially two stories the story of Rose and webby on one hand and that of Jane and Ralph on the other. He shows how love can win over money. The story shows some dreams coming true after overcoming all the obstacles.The shoemakers Holiday not only(prenominal) projects the theme of love but also relates how people fight against poverty in order to get wind their love. Lacy, a spendthrift nephew of the Earl of Lincoln is in love with Rose, the daughter of Sir Roger Oatley, the lord mayor of London. However some(prenominal) their guardians are against their marriage and plan to send Lacy away to war against France in order to bankrupt them. Lacy decides to escape this and disguises himself as a shoemaker in order to find his love Rose. He spends all the money given to him by the Earl and sends his cousin Askew with a false promise of connective him at the war later.Although the story takes place in the background of sixteenth century, the reality of socio economic conditions of London was not that optimistic. While real wages fell, prices rose in the mid sixteenth century and luxuriously costs were incurred due to the wars against Scotland and France. (Luu, 44) The story therefore raises the hopes of the people who are down the economic scale because it shows how opportunities fraud around and everyone seems to be engaged in some trade or the other. Thus the story contradicts the reality. The do work shows a struggle against poverty.The economic aspect is emphasized in the play. Therefore the story appeals to the mass on the lower economic scale because it raises their hopes that opportunity lies around them only to be grabbed at the right moment. flavour at the other aspect of the story, which is love, one may notice that both the couples get

Business - WRTG-2 Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - WRTG-2 Assignment - Essay ExampleHowever, at the end of the day, one needs to pee-pee for the purpose of earning their livelihood. This is the reason why an individual gets paid for doing live on. In simple words, work is defined as the process by which an individual accomplishes some activities against some financial offerings. Traditionally, there have been concepts that if one does non work, he/she may get indulged into some illegal activities. In that case work is important for any individual. Now, in the context of the study, I have been in the field of mark patience. From the graduation days I have decided that I allow for be getting into a sector that has global opportunities. Also, I had a feeling that I should be working for an industry that offers continuous learning and allows me to showcase my talent. Hence, I decided to work for the brand name industry. mark industry has a worldwide scope. A large reckon of companies operate within the steel industry . However, the steel industry does not exist alone it collectively exists with compress and is known as iron and steel industry. Steel industry is also important for the economy of a country. It acts as an indicator of the national economy. The demand of steel is continuously rising. To cite an example, during the early 2000 the demand for steel increased by 6%. It is mainly due to the massive economic boom in countries such as India and China. Some of the evident players of the steel industry ar Tata Steel, Shagang Group and Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation. In the context of the steel manufacturing industry, it has a mixture of both skilled and unskilled labor force. As the industry needs high precision in the tasks, skilled labors are important. The process of manufacturing steel is complex, and there are various scientific ways of production. The industry has a diverse group of workforce starting from engineers, it has force by from marketing, sales and other fields of b usiness. However, the task of different departments differs accordingly. Discussion There are eminent personalities who work in the steel industry. Some of them admit rattan Tata, who is the owner of Tata Group and Tata Steel from India. According to Ratan Tata, the demand of steel is hugely increasing in the western part of the world therefore, the trade go across in the parts of Europe and US has diminished. However, he has also highlighted that steel is yet to get out of trouble. According to him, the financial crunch and high cost of raw material have severely touch the profit of the first quarter. Yet, the signals are encouraging, according to him. Also, according to Prasad Baji of Tata Steel, the industry is witnessing a booming period. Consumption of steel has increased by 56 % in the 1st quarter moreover, it is also estimated that the demand will further increase in the present quarter by about 810 % (Steel Industry Thinks the Worst Is over and Signals Are Cheery). Some o f the other eminent personalities of this industry include Xu Lejiang, the chairman of Baosteel. According to him, the present situation of the Chinese steel industry is witnessing historic transformations. Nonetheless, in revisal to transform it for the betterment, it requires the transformation of both the steel and iron industries. He also believes that the key factor towards the instruction of the industry lies in its system of operation. In addition, he stated that innovation in the most

Security Risk Assessment and Audit into the connection of the internal Essay

surety Risk Assessment and Audit into the connection of the internal network with the Internet - Essay Example instruction confidentiality is maintained by preventing unauthorized persons from accessing vital system reading. Integrity handles an aspect that prevents that learning from being manipulated by other external sources. Data should also be available for use when required by the germane(predicate) parties and not hoarded by other system resources. It is thus fundamental to protect these aspects of data in lodge to ensure that education within an organization is near. In order to ensure appropriate aegis anxiety of information within an organization, it is vital that the mission teaching and the charter be defined for reference. The mission statement outlines the everyplace exclusively goals that the information certificate program within the organization seeks to achieve and provides guidelines necessary for strategic direction. The charter, on the other hand, avai ls provisions for the specific rights and privileges granted to the security team members from the organization. 1.2 Justification for use of a security metrics program A security management program cannot be complete without the use of security metrics (Dexter, 2002). These are use to show the changing maturity of an information security program over time. The combination of metrics and reporting tools can be used to display the results and outcomes of past investments in information security and guide decisions for future information systems. 2.0 IT gage Management It security risk management is considered a series of steps that are undertaken to ensure the safety of information within an organization. It is a continuous function that begins from the figure out of assessment right down to implementation. And even after implementation, the process loops back to assessment because risks to information networks are diverse and constantly change necessitating the iterative process (Sennewald, 2011). This process is detailed below figure out 1 An iterative process to IT security Management Risk assessment is the initial step that involves the recognition of potential threats to the information networks ((Boyce & Jennings, 2002). Based on the results of this assessment, an appropriate policy is developed to maintain a secure protection framework. This includes the development of security guidelines, assigning security responsibilities to members of staff and implementing total technical security protections. in one case this has been achieved, a series of compliance reviews and re-assessment activities are conducted to provide assurance that the security controls have been properly implemented. This information is collected through a process of periodic audits on the system (Purser, 2004). 3.0 Differences between a Security Risk Assessment and Security Audit 3.1 Security Risk Assessment This is conducted at the beginning of the process of security management to identify areas of change. It is often referred to as the baseline study that will be used to depict the amount of change that the organization has gone through since the last assessment (Snedaker & McCrie, 2011). It includes an analysis of all the assets and processes that relate to the system. It also identifies all the threats that could affect

Logic gates characteristics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Logic gates characteristics - Lab Report ExampleAlso, an XOR (Exclusive- OR) which is sometimes called an inequality comparator implements the expression such(prenominal) that if A is different than B then X is true. Sometimes a buffer may be apply between the stimulations and output of a logical system circuit. The buffer helps to increase the fan-in of the circuit. The XOR gate is commonly used as a buffer to supply a 0 or a1to one of its inputs. Multiplexers behave interchangeable rotary switches and select any one of its inputs as output. It is a combination of logic gates thereby having several inputs with only one output. The input channel to be read into the output is get wordled by provide a definite digital word to the select inputs. In experiments using microelectronic chips such as the Multiplexer ICs, care should be taken when handling so as not to expose the chips to static hazards. The input lines to a multiplexer chip are 2, 4, 8 or 16 that supply the output one at a time. They are used to reduce the number of logic gates required to implement the circuit. digital multiplexers are constructed from analogue switches encased in a single IC package. The multiplexer is used in note routing, data communications and data bus control. They can be used together with a demultiplexer to circulate parallel data in serial form through a single data consociate e.g. fibre optic cable. Multiplexers are also used a A/D converters thereby cut the amount of heat dissipated (Bate, 1988). Aim To use a digital logic circuits to decode an industrial control system, and to test an equivalent logic decoding circuit using a multiplexer chip. Procedure The control system of a bottled urine factory is designed to live specific solve to control the filling upon receiving specific instructions. The process will halt with logic zero output. The processing plant sensors produce logic level outputs for the following devices. B Bottle Position Correct Position= logi c 1, and an incorrect present = 0 W Water level low Water level low = logic 0, and wet level satisfactory = 1 V Flow Valve Position Flow valve open = logic 0, and feed in valve closed = 1 F Water Filtration System Filtration blocked= logic 0, and filtration working = 1 This process is halted on the following conditions When the bottle position is incorrect and it is filling and this is indicated by an open flow valve. Or if the water level is low, but not when the flow valve is open. Also, if the Filtration is blocked, but only if the Flow valve is closed and the water level is not low. Also, if the Flow valve is open, and if the bottle position is incorrect or water level be low. Discussion Full truth table of the industrial control process is shown at a lower place The above conditions for feeble the process can be simplified as shown here under, Position, P = 0 if 1). (B= 0).(V=0) 2). (W = 0) (V= 0) = (W = 0). (V= 1) 3) (F = 0). (V= 1). (W = 1) 4). (V = 0). (B = 0). (W= 0) P= X (V=0). (W=1) Truth Table. The above truth table can be simplified using the Karnaugh Map shown below From the K- map it is clear that P = W.F. This can be implemented using the circuit shown below B W V F P The circuit was built using the 74LS151 microchip as shown below and tested to find out if the desired result is obtained. The output Z was tested and found to follow the truth table shown here under, The tested output is found to quite agree with the results in the commencement ceremony truth table.

Restaurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Restaurant - Essay ExampleWorld Famous restaurant does not do this. Believe it or not, they have a selection on their menu that is priced at $2.50 which is the Grilled volaille Taco. Now, that is a third innovation pricing with a lousy smell of intellectual nourishment and ambience only if this is right the beach side of San Diego in the United States. The priciest that they have is Blackened Prime Rib Bits creamy horseradishat $9.75.One might wonder how the restaurant can sustain itself with the price of their food or that the food may be lousy considering with the price. Surprisingly, the restaurant is modestly profitable. It is able to make cash despite its low price due to continuous patronage. It never runs out of customer. So it makes money by scale. Its food is surprisingly good also at its price. Of course it is not 5 star quality but it could pass for a 3 star quality at a third world country price. Service and facility is also okay, ambiance is excellent. No wonder peo ple line up just to get a seat in the restaurant and why it is World

The European Human Rights Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The European humankind Rights human action - Essay ExampleIn contrast to the importance attached to the democratic accountability of Parliament, institutional checks and balances, and the rule of law as marrow of safeguarding individual liberties, comparatively little significance was attributed to the European Convention on Human Rights before transportation system of the Human Rights Act. (Akehurst, Michael & Malanczuk, Peter 1997 p.65) This may be seen as a surprise considering the fact that the UK was an early signatory to the European Convention, and the UK was instrumental to the drafting of the human rights convention.The effects of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights on the English Legal System however, seem to be limited by the constitutional philosophy of dualism, which distinguishes international law from national law. Considerations of national and parliamentary sovereignty require that treaties alone are uneffective to alter the internal la ws of the UK, because the executive alone enters into treaties on behalf of the United Kingdom. Otherwise, the government could evade parliamentary exam of its proposals through the exercise of its treaty-making powers. (Human Rights Act Research Project 2001)Therefore, as treaties are not self-executing the terms of these treaties must be incorporated into an act of Parliament in orde... courts. While the European Convention, as an agreement among national governments, im comprise obligations on the United Kingdom in international law, it did not impose obligations on Parliament or the government under British domestic law. (Council of Europe 2000) Another challenge is posed by the desire to upgrade the legal status of the individual rights as described in the of the essence(p) provisions of the European Convention, while at the same clock time ensuring the preservation of traditional or Jewish-Orthodox notions of parliamentary sovereignty. The courts are not given the power to invalidate acts of Parliament that are incompatible with the rights listed in the European Convention, but may only issue a declaration of incompatibility, which does not itself affect the validness or enforceability of an incompatible act. (Akehurst, Michael & Malanczuk, Peter 1997) Thus, the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights has had a authoritative impact on the English Legal System, and to the concept of parliamentary sovereignty.2. a) Do you believe that section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 creates a new rule of statutory interpretation for judgesYes, section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 does create a new rule of statutory interpretation for judges. The Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998, and largely came into force on 2 October 2000. The Act makes available in UK courts a remedy for breach of a Convention right, without the need to go to the European Court of Human R ights in Strasbourg. It also totally abolished the devastation penalty in UK law, although this was not required by the Convention in force for the UK at that time (British Medical

Purhsing Paper Can Be Fun Essay Example for Free

Purhsing Paper Can Be Fun bear witness uncertainty What Performance problems is the captain trying to correct.autonomic nervous system 1Poor Reporting Performance among the employees.Question Use the MARS model of individual behavior and performance to diagnose the possible causes of the unacceptable behavior.Ans 2Possible causes for the unacceptable behavior is as follows MARS Model There are quartette main factors that directly influence an employees voluntary behavior and resulting performance. Employee Motivation There was no cause motivation for employees to do their job perfectly as required. Motivation does not mean only pecuniary motivation people are motivated not only with money but also with an detainment by the attractors of the company is enough to motivate them and pump in the force required to do the job with intensity. Captain must have set some goals which on achieving, the employees get recognition by dint of an appreciation letter at least from the highe r ranked personnel in the organization, keeping in mind that he was under the budget crunch which limited him in motivating employees by recognize them financially.Ability Analyzing the employees based on their capabilities was one of the cause. You give find some people whose interest is in doing the office work, captain should have recognize the skills and knowledge and segregate the work within depending on their capabilities. teach was also missing by the captain. Role Perceptions They were aware about the consequences for inadequately doing the reporting as they were having issues when the sequel reached the court. Captain should have given them priorities from their various responsibilities by explaining them that the what matters is the quality of the work and not quantity.This would have helped them to improve. Situational Factors As captain explained they set-up the team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the leaders were not committed and no(pren ominal) of them were receiving any type of rewards for winning the competition. Leadership is responsible for the well-being of the employee in the company so they train to be committed. Question Has the captain considered all the possible solutions to the problem? IF not what else might be make?AnsNOWhat else can be done is as follows1. Task related trainings should be provided to lace the capabilities of the employees. 2. Improved Employee Engagement should be done, by recognizing the best employees, rewarding them which will boost their moral and they will feel that they are an integral part of the team. He can set-up a mechanism, like Employee of the Month represent and can display it in the office. 3. Coaching is also an important aspect of the leader, as a leader he should coach his team as and when required.

Decision-Making Process Paper Essay Example for Free

Decision-Making Process Paper EssayMy seduce is Jovon Roberson, I will be discussing my decision making process. I will try to supply look for supporting my ideas. The paper will describe or so steps of my process. I will compare some similarity to the textbook, and explain how some of the steps might be different. Most decisions people keep back in their life time will definitely be easy and some maybe very(prenominal) difficult. I truly believe that each individual is in control of their own good deal and in consummate control of the decisions they be in possession of to advert in their life time. My decision to start school was clearly determined right after I was terminated from my job. I was ill at the time and desperately inevitable to file for the family medical leave of absence so my job would not be in jeopardy, plainly that was a total loss. Once terminated I clearly had to make some important decisions well-nigh the future of my son and I, while thinking l ong and hard about how I was going to make ends meet. I had a discussion with one of my best friends and I came to the grips that I needed more than what I was getting and this re every(prenominal)y was my only option going to school. My steps are somewhat different from the ones in the text, but it is clear they there were important steps to take while making my decision to go back to school and I really believe it was one of the best decision I could apply made.My decisions would have been different very different but in reality the the steps in the text provided more proper steps and they would have been a more thought out process for me butut the same time my decision would have been the same. It would have been precise, more thought out some plans would have been setup, and short term goals would have been set, long term goals would have been into play and set as well. to a greater extent thought would have been there to back everything up not just the goals set in my take ai m they would have been on paper in black and white. I would have been better prepared for all my future intents. People gather and evaluate information when they face major decisions or milestones in their lives. The earnings has become a more important source of information as people gain understand and as they embrace broadband (Copyright 2012 pew Internet American Life Project).In this paper I have discussed some similarity to the text, and explain how some of the steps might be different. The decisions people make in their life time will definitely be easy and some maybe very difficult and how I truly believe that each individual is in control of their own destiny and in complete control of the decisions they have to make in their life time. I hope I have covered everything in this paper that you have asked for. I thank you for your attention and your time.ReferencesCopyright 2012 Pew Internet American Life Projecthttp//pewinternet.org/Topics/Activities-and-Pursuits/Decisio n-Making.aspx?typeFilter=5

An Ideal Type of Security Investment in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

An Ideal Type of aegis Investment in Malaysia EssayFirst of all, we as group have chosen Unit practice as the best choice in conjunction to the topic of ideal type of security investments harmonise to our understanding and beliefs. According to an article that we have researched, the Federation of Malaysian Unit Trust Managers (FMUTM) defines that unit of measurement place is a form of collective investment which allows investors with similar investment objectives to pool their dandy to be invested in a portfolio of securities of other assets.A professional fund manager give then invest the pooled funds in a portfolio. It includes assets classes such as cash, bonds and deposits, sh ares, property, and commodities. The ownership of the funds is divided into units of entitlement hence, unit holders do non purchase the securities in the portfolio directly. Consequently, when the funds of the mentioned asset classes increases or decreases, then the value of each issued unit increases or decreases accordingly.Besides that, the return on investment (ROI) of unit holders is usually in the form of income distribution and capital appreciation which is derived from the pool of assets supporting the unit rely fund. Unit trust also allows investors to have patrician access to a wide range of investments exposures which are not normally available to them. There are a number of other substantial benefits of investing in unit trust. Amongst them are that unit trust are very affordable. Investors are eligible to start with an investment amount as low as RM1000.In addition, rather than concentrating an investment portfolio of one or two investments or share, a portfolio of market securities piece of ass be held. Meaning, there is a wider spread of the investments which is also know diversification hence the investment returns will be less volatile. Through unit trust investment, individual investors have better chances to spread their money to wider asset clas ses in the same time gaining their particular investment exposure requirements. On top of that, unit trusts have good liquidity which make headway enhances chances of profits of an investor.Other than that, as mentioned a little front on, the people managing unit trusts are approved professionals whom are trained to ensure that decision-making is structured and according to blend investment principles. In the long term, the expertise of a knowledgeable and experienced fund manager usually generates above average investment returns for unit trust investors. Subsequently, with unit trust, the economics of the transaction are more(prenominal) favorable because fund managers invest in larger amounts.Hence, it means that fund managers are able to establish access to wholesale fees and products which are impossible for the individual investors to obtain in return, this action reduces the cost and charges and further enhances the profit for the investment of the investors. Moving on, with the introduction of unit trusts in Malaysia came also the regulations from various regulators, especially the Securities Commission. The unblemished range of variables relating to the unit trust industry is governed by various legislations in order to protect the wager of the public investors and also a safe investment mechanism to prevent any frauds.

Learning Communities Essay Example for Free

Learning Communities endeavorConcorde C beer Institute Orlando has been an educational institution for over 25 years. This memorial tablet provides fast-track, health-related programs in various fields. As with any educational institution, proprietary or not, there be many employees-all part of many some(prenominal)(predicate) departments. Concorde Orlando has developed of a acquire confederacy to some extent, but the findings presented in Assignment Two acquit a need for further development in many force fields. Concorde has committed itself to providing online and in-person training in swan to continue to connect members of its current acquisition corporation. This training usually covers a variety of antithetic objectives and the training is usually provided by byside companies. By utilizing outside agencies to provide training existents, the inescapably of the placement and its employees are not being evaluated nor met. A more(prenominal)(prenominal) perso nalized training, tailored to specific and immediate needs is a must. Stronger lead and a more cohesive working milieu are also imperative. Concordes major concerns should be focused upon its communication and teamwork go througher but, there are many more areas of that quest attention. A cohesive, functional culture environment takes dedication and time.Once those areas are better executed, it nates startle to build upon the foundation it has begun to lay. Concorde Career Institution, as a corpo balancen, makes commands that it supports a mature learning environment. The mission statement seems to promote an idealistic working atmosphere that fosters independent thinking, creativity, and a teamwork approach to education. Reality has proven to be polar. A motivated and strong team leader should be put into place-one that can appreciate the benefits of a well-built and maturely developed learning community. Concorde Orlando provides a yearly employee evaluation.This valuatio n is meant to appraise employee strikement, acknowledge strengths and identify weaknesses. The employee evaluates himself, and hence subsequently, so does his/her immediate supervisor. Depending on the evaluations results, it may produce an action plan. This action plan recognizes areas that need to be improved on, provides a strategy by which to improve them and a date in which a reevaluation should take place. Concorde does not necessarily discuss findings in employee performance evaluations with the employees therefore governmental expectations are not known. This causal agents confusion and ambiguity.Many organizations attain begun to favor consultants when evaluating employee performance. This can assure independent and neutral employee performance feedback. on that point is research that supports consulting as a strategy for improving teachers implementation of classroom interventions. Results have back up that internal consultants are able to assess and briefly inc rease teachers treatment integrity with performance feedback (Sanetti, et. al, 2013). There is a call, however, for organizations to realize that being proactive instead of reactive is a more logical approach when it comes to employee performance. check to a 2012 Global Workforce Study, a survey of 32,000 employees across 30 countries, calls for employers to focus on engagement. The report defines such engagement as the intensity of employees connection to their organization based on trine factors the extent of their discretionary effort committed to achieving work goals, an environment that supports productivity in multiple ways, and a work experience that promotes well-being (TD, 2013). This of course will improve overall employee performance and benefits the organization as a whole.The group think theory suggests that people from similar areas of work and backgrounds have ideas that are acquainted(predicate) are accepted without examination, while those that are unfamiliar are rejected without open consideration (Martin, 2006). Groups bear upon by group think do not tolerate opinions that do not coincide with their own. A learning community can be especially susceptible to group think when its community members are similar in background, shielded from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.At Concorde, group thinking does not habitually exist. Concorde does consider the input of the community, holding biannual meetings in which area affiliates give their input on school progress, its students and offers suggestions for change. This organization seems to value the input and opinions of others. Community members can feel included when they participate in creating the future direction of their learning community. They will make better decisions when they detect social, environmental and economic needs.When a shared vision is used to devise goals that guide local leadership, the community is well on its way to creating a bet ter, sustainable place for the community (Grunkemeyer and Moss, 2010). Shared visions are an measurable characteristic of any successful learning community. Concorde Orlando is no exception to this fact. This organization has a clear organise of goals to accomplish, and department leaders do communicate these company visions with employees. There does not seem to be a comprehensible plan in place, however, as to how to achieve them.Often times, multiple meetings are held in order to impart the company vision community members. Because we live in a world that is constantly ever-changing and moving, organizations are challenged with conditions that seem to change at the speed of light. Often times, initiatives are poorly planned and executed. These errors can cause crippling effects within an organization. More and more, organizations have come to depend on teamwork. According to Ofoegbu, O. , et. l (2012) Teamwork may be an appropriate managerial approach to reducing politics by in crease employees learning and control, particularly in organizations whose strategic objectives call for employees to work in teams. Most modern organizations have realized the value and benefits of teamwork and Concorde Orlando is no exception. Most projects are completed by teams. Most issues are solved through the input of various community members. Many community outreach activities are also organized and carried out by teams.With enrollments being the number one company goal, Concorde Orlando heavily relies on teamwork in order to achieve this. Unfortunately, inappropriate team leaders are often chosen, resulting in poorly executed plans. This can cause major project delays and do-overs. Dennis J. Elrod (2012), states that Great leaders are always learning, whether its from those above them in the hierarchy, their peers, or those they lead. They also dont let opportunities to improve pass them by, so it pays to always be on the lookout for things that may improve your leaders hip style. There are many different types of leaders and many different types of leadership styles.Leaders not only concern themselves with the organizational goals, but also about the people who are involved in the process. Autocratic and hierarchical models of leadership dominated many businesses and organizations for years. The workplace environment changes from genesis to generation. Today, community members are no longer content to go to work in complete obscurity. Employees ask to feel significant, stimulated and challenged. Being an effective leader builds a sense of belonging within its learning community.Effective leaders not only increase employee retention, but also improve employee efficiency. Employees are more willing to follow efficient leaders than non-effective individuals. Choosing the right leader is the difference between success and failure. A great team leader needs to understand the organizations goals and be able to understand what drivers are unavoidable in order to motivate the team members. It is the leaders job to watch that great ideas are smartly implemented. The team leader must be able to sell his vision, the organizations goals and the rewards reaped from the fruits of their labor.He must be able determine which team member could execute what split of the project, resolve conflicts, and encourage each team members creativity and input. Concorde Orlando has a long standing(a) history of ineffective leadership and a very high turn-over rate. During the last year, there have been several personnel changes in the Campus President, Academic Dean and program director positions. This instability and low employee retention ratio in its leadership roles have compromised Concorde Orlandos credibility with the student body, its employees and the community.Concorde Career Institute has not been a pioneer in the field of communication. Issues are slow to be resolved, meetings are full of redundant material and there is a general fear o f communicating with administrators for fear of retaliation. Great communication starts with listening and observing, and this organization has not trained its leaders to do that. Training is requisite in order to learn how to effectively communicate with others in a work environment. Currently, there is no communication training available at Concorde. The same communication methods that have been in place for years are still practiced today.Reevaluation of these methods is needed in order to have more successful communication within its learning community. Internet price of admission provides opportunities for classrooms throughout the world to communicate and collaborate in real time. In the same way, members of the learning community can experience these open new ways of thinking. A compendium of organizations and businesses is dedicated to encouraging an idiom on skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, computer and technology skills, communication, and self-directi on skills in US schools and schools worldwide.The educational challenges of the 21st century open up possibilities that, until now, have been beyond imagination (Roth, 2010). Concorde does utilize different methods of training its employees in order to maximize learning potential. What seems to have been most successful within this learning community is peer leadership. Peer leadership contributes to the success of collaborative group learning (Popejoy and Asala, 2013). Group learning allows all members to be actively involved. When community members are involved in learning processes with their peers, they are more likely to feel comfortable.Concorde Orlando supports and encourages all types of learning models, therefore increases the chance of successful outcomes. Concorde Career Institute-Orlando could be classify as being well on its way to developing a mature learning community. though this learning community is fraught with quite a few weaknesses, it also has an impressive se t of strengths. As long as someone has the initiative and fortitude to move this community forward, Concorde Orlando can prove to be a great success.

Medieval Europe - Papal Reformation Essay Example for Free

Medieval Europe apostolic Reformation EssaySince the Council of Nicaea c each(prenominal)ed in the fourth century by Constantine to the early eleventh century, the church building was neer established as a free band stand up institution. For over eight hundred years the perform had been under the authority of sacrilegious indicators. Charlemagne and the Carolingians emperors saw themselves as the ones to maintain the Church materially, organizationally, and spiritually, while the pontiff was lone(prenominal) an example of ideal Christian living. Social deterioration led to the rottenness of the Church and its offices simony world the biggest problem. The papacy itself was corrupted by simony and Roman politics. trance reform had been taking place in the local levels for some time, the papacy was the uttermost part of the Church to be reform. The papacy reformation came much or less through three study popes Leo IX (1049-1054), Nicholas II (1059-1061), and Gregory VII (1073-1085). The actions by these popes in the eleventh century would root out the corruption within the church and cause conflict between the secular authorities and the papacy resulting in the separation and establishing of the Church as a power on its own. aft(prenominal) numerous corrupt popes, Leo IX is considered to be the pope that started the papacy reformation. Ironically, he was ap flowered pope by his cousin Emperor total heat III. After be coroneted, Leo spent less than sixer months in Rome traveling through Italy, Germany, France, and as far as Hungary ( Blum, 485). According to Backman, Leo recognized two things from the very start first, the papacy could non be properly reformed so coherent as it remained mired in Roman factional politics and second, the papacy needed to be seen by the unaired in order to secure the gains of the reform (Backman, 268). Leo was literally the first pope to be seen by most Christians (Backman, 268), and he cherished to projec t an image of the papacy in action (Blum, 485). For a yearn time the title of pope was just a name without any meaning or power however, Leo would change that with his travels. Leos great accomplishments were abolishing simony, help ending the practice of clerical marriage, and up(p) the clergies training and education.Pope Leo IX, through his travels had plans of establishing his authority while also rooting out corruption still in local churches. Leo staged large-scale Masses, pronounced Peace and Truce decrees, and offered all the fold the opportunity to air grievances about their local church and ecclesiastical blenders (Backman, 269). Clergy that had obtained their do by way of simony were given the chance to retain their office only if the confessed their faults and swore publicly to dedicate themselves to the reformed Church.According to Backman these acts were performed in public for two reasons First, the people themselves got to hear the confession of their clergy, and second, the pope got the pleasure of having the faithful see the priest, bishops, and archbishops kneeling before Leo, in other words, used the reform-celebration itself as a means for establishing apostolic authority over the episcopacy. Hence forrad, everyone understood that the bishops served as the legitimate leaders of the Church because the Holy Father himself had publically bestowed their office upon them. The papacy straightaway stood at the head of a new hierarchy and determined its legitimacy. 269The last major contri moreovering act Leo had towards the reformation was the creation of the College of Cardinals. Leo saw that the Church was not intellectually able to deal with geld it was faced with. He created a body of advisors for the papacy that include theologians, lawyers, philosophers, historians, scientists, and diplomats. These handpicked advisors would lend expert council to the pope on settling and resolving doctrinal issues never really figure out by the Chu rch. One of the issues they dealt with was celibacy for the clergy this would not be settled until Pope Nicholas II. The papacy was at once the decision making center on doctrinal issues for the Church.Leo IX was a major turning point for the Church, plainly unfortunately he would not finish what he started. The next pope to further the overblown reformation was Nicholas II. Pope Nicholas II built upon what Leo IX had already done. Nicholas and a council produced the Lateran synod of April 1059. The synod ended clerical marriage and established clergy celibacy. It also added to the strict prevention of simony. Also with the synod, Nicholas and the council made two major decisions that would circumstance the papacy up until today. The first of these decisions was to condemn the practice of bewilder investiture. The ritual by which a lay prince invested a priest or bishop with the insignia of his office suggested that the ecclesiastical authority was subordinate to the secular (B ackman, 270).The papacy now condemned this seeing as the reforming popes were difficult to establish the Church as an entity on its own. The Church wanted to suppress everything about itself and completely cut off any secular ties trying to control it. The second major decision Nicholas and the council made was mad in the Papal Election Decree of 1059. This was to ensure no pope could ever be placed in power by a secular ruler but only elected by the College of Cardinals. Backman describes it as this for all eternity the only way for any someone to become the legitimate pontiff of the Holy Catholic Church was to be freely elected to the position by the College of Cardinals. This decree removed the Holy See from the clutched of the Roman magnates, but it also declared the papacys independence from the imperial power. 270These actions changed the states authority over the church that had been present since Constantine. When Henry IV came to power in 1056, he did not like the action s taken by the Church and trying to separate from his authority. The tension between the papacy and secular powers came to a high during the pontificate of Pope Gregory VII. straightway Gregory VII had begun his career in Rome during the pontificate of Leo IX as Leos secretary of state and author of his important papers (Blum, 485). So Gregory had been around since the beginning of the papal reformation. His actions and policies would lead to the biggest conflict between the Church and State during this reformation.After dealing with carious rebellions, Henry IVs resent meant lead him to prepare to attack Rome and deal with the papacys action. Henry wanted to show that he had supremacy and was the ruler of both Church and State. Before Henry could attack, Gregory responded with a firmness called the Dictatus Papae. This was a list of twenty-seven single sentence decrees about papal power. Gaudemet defines them as, lapidary and unrestrained wrong the universal power of the pope hi s authority over bishops, clerics and councils, and his right to depose the emperor, to certify every canonical text, to make law and to deliver judgment from which there is no appeal (Gaudemet, 470). Gregory was trying to establish that he alone, as the pope, had complete supremacy over both Church and the emperor. Henry took these Dictates as a account attack on his royal rights and power. This led to both Gregory and Henry writing letters back and forth to each other with increasing tensions with each letter. These letters led to both of them excommunicating and deposing the other from office at the end of 1076.The excommunicating of each other would lead to a major event in establishing supremacy to the pope. Gregory, being the pope, was still head of the Church, and Henry found himself still excommunicated. Henry and his advisor devised a plan to bring about him forgiven and restored into the Church. Being the pope meant that Gregory was a priest, and he would have to forgiv e a penitent sinner. Gregory was caught off safe at his castle in Canossa, Italy by Henrys arrival and asking of forgiveness.This had made Gregory furious, but he had to forgive him. Gregory used this to his advantage, showing that he had supremacy over the emperor. Gregory made Henry stand outside his window barefoot wearing penitential rags for three days begging for forgiveness and imploring for restoration. While this move by Henry helped him with his enemies and restored him back into the Church, this move also hurt him. This move now shifted the supremacy towards the pope. The emperor was now seen as submissive to the pope and had to do what the pope said.While more conflicts happened between Gregory VII and Henry IV, the investiture struggle would not end with them. It was officially ended in 1122 with Henry IVs son, Henry the V, and Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124) with the Concordat of Worms. This allowed ecclesiastical appointment to be made by the Church alone but also allo wed secular rulers to participate with the lands and appurtenances supplementary to the positions. The issue of papal supremacy over imperial supremacy was circumvented, only to erupt again in centuries later.While Urban II (1088-1099) was able to finalize the reform of the Church during his pontificate, it wasnt really until the end of the twelfth part century that the Church reform came to a conclusion. Gregory VII and the popes following openly proclaimed the Churchs supremacy and sovereignty over the secular world. They had not only made the Church a standing institution on its own, but they had reversed the historical roles of the Church and State. Since the time of Gregory VII, the papacy had become a massive bureaucracy. The Church now had an ostentatious financial machinery, judicial system, bureaucratic structure, police network, and standing army. The Church was now its own free standing institution and would eventually become its own sovereign city-state.

How can Bulgaria sustain its intellectual capital Essay Example for Free

How crapper Bulgaria sustain its rational seat of government EssayThe entrepreneurship victory of a country can be borne finished with(predicate) investment in smart dandy besides its sustainability depends mainly on policy-making and scotch factors. Bulgaria is one country with a lush intellectual capital featured by and through valuable capabilities of individuals and enterprises. Worth noting is that entrepreneurship is a tool for wealth creation that benefits both the individuals and the country. For guinea pig, the US is known for its entrepreneur-friendly environment that encourages yield of small businesses for wealth creation.Bulgaria also needs to seek ways through which it can sustain its intellectual capital for further entrepreneurship stimulation and subsequent wealth creation. The purpose of this thesis is to comp be Bulgaria to Sweden (a country in the Nordic role) and the UK (a country in Western Europe) in terms of entrepreneurial success. Import antly, economical and semipolitical factors that affect entrepreneurship in these regions are discussed and a reference is made on the US Silicon Valleys entrepreneurship stimulating strategies.The main aspects that the article considers include the teaching method system, fiscal comment and immigration in relation to entrepreneurship. Bulgaria Brief Background Bulgaria, a lower-middle income nation is situated in the east Europe and truely faces a transitional economic period with growth expectations (Manolova, et al. 2007 Georgieva, 1999 Emerson, 2005) and establishment of a courtly society. The country orients towards adopting a market thriftiness and democratic institutions, and therefore human capital acquisition is indispensable for this process.Buckwalter (1995) asserts that leaders in Bulgaria and the Eastern Europe at large face a dilemma amidst the need to increase massive production and wealth, and to align this with political, economical and humanitarian agendas. For over 40 historic period from the 1940s to 1989, the Communism rule ignored the private domain of Bulgarias economy and market relaxation behavior and economic and institutional reforms were only realized in the 1990s after the Berlin Walls total (Manolova et al. 2007 ).Bulgaria is therefore transiting from the centrally intend Soviet-kind Communism that enhanced spatial equalitarianism to a market economy characterized by several entrepreneurial ventures Furthermore the education sector in Bulgaria has since invested in intellectual capital where industrious y revealh are support to attend schools to study entrepreneurship. Importantly, roughly of the higher education institutes for instance Sofia University, incorporated comprehensive entrepreneurship studies in their curricular (Nikolava, 2006). check to Buckwalter (1995) possibility of economic inequality in the region is possible because of various entrepreneurship activities in Bulgaria. Nikolaeva (2006), however, s ees the practice as an adjustment of Bulgaria to the market and the Europe merely at the same time a preservation of Bulgarias national identity. Impact of political, economic and academic factors on entrepreneurship in BulgariaThe abrupt yet public securityful political transition from Communists rule to coalescence government rule, under a parliamentary democracy after independence, stimulated business law changes in Bulgaria (Buckwalter, 1995) and entrepreneurship emerged. However, as expected of a transitional economy, resources deficiencies especially in terms of finance (Manolova et al. 2007), limits the expression of intellectual capabilities through business and wealth creation.Communists included both a social and spatial sense egalitarianism ideology when planning for goals. Central economic planning entai direct industrial spatial dispersion which however encountered lengthened inefficiencies that related to the administration and the infrastructure. Additionally, goal geared towards spatial dispersion conflicted with those of effective resources use and hence tampered with increase production (Buckwalter, 1995).As much as spatial inequality prevailed in the later decades of the Communism rule, Buckwalter (1995) suggests that the eldest two decades of the Communist rule experienced a proportionate regional equality when the 1952 index of per capita sell sales is an evidence to go by. The Communism rule however, led to the diminished primacy of Sophia, the largest Bulgarian city, while medium-sized cities accredited relative gains due to population shifts from Sophia. This is suspected to be as a result of government policies that enforce standard employment and income dissemination based on relative egalitarian ideology.The economic activities were therefore spread and urbanization became rampant with that of Sophia declining to almost equalize with that of otherwise cities. However in the final Communist era, regional inequality prevailed when capital fund distribution in cooperative enterprise and the states were unequally distributed and Sophia almost bivalent the Rousse per capita investment. Buckwalter (1995) asserts that northern and central cities of Bulgaria were less favored compared to cities like Varna, Bourga and the Black Sea districts.Buckwalter (1995) assumes that these activities occurring in the Communists era alleviate the regional inequality in Eastern Europe but efforts to eliminate them resulted to an alteration of economic activities distribution and hence leading to regional equality. However, Buckwalter (1995) assures that the fall of Communism led to the resurgence of regional inequality in Eastern Europe and especially contributed by Bulgaria where immense entrepreneurial activity is taking place in the region.In the effort to bring about social and economic change in this transiting economy, universities are obligate with the responsibility of imparting intellectual capital to students, a nd transformation of the higher education models began in 1990 with institutional reforms (Georgieva, 1999). In the market conditions of the Communism era, Totalitarianism University models were enhanced to provide graduates who fit in the job functions of the centrally planned conditions of the economy.The totalitarian university institutions entailed limited specialization and unrelenting differentiation, focusing mainly on technology and engineering. Nikolaeva (2006) confirms that politicization of academic institutions quarantined them from networking at international levels. However, with new competitive market conditions that prevail in current Bulgaria, the academic sector is under pressure to provide graduates who can fit in social capital development ventures.The current higher education models showcase complexities and are diversified to incorporate missions that reflect knowledge increase through professional competencies provision in various disciplines. According to Nikaloeva, (2006) the quest for social and economic liberation led to an change magnitude valuation of education among the Bulgarians and young industrious citizens were sent to Europes recognized institutions through funds raised voluntarily in the community.Changes that occurred in Bulgarias higher education system which encouraged market liberalization include the lifting of Communists ideologies and depoliticization of university curricula, a comprehensive investment in research and humanities entailed with newer classification systems of credentials, expansion and increase of the institutions as well as aligning and harmonizing them with international standards. Manolova et al. (2007) applies the expectancy theory to luff the economic growth expectations of Bulgaria.Outside advice, networking and perceived benefits are some of the outlined aspects thought to promote the entrepreneur spirit in the region. Manolova et al. (2007) indicate that private businesses were legalized in Bulgaria in 1988 and the number of nascent entrepreneurs rose in the 1990s to about 5 percent of the adult population and therefore catching up with that of the certain nations. Entrepreneurship practiced by small to medium-sized private firms in Central Europe accounts for about 50 to 60 percent of the GDP just like in the industrialized western countries (Manolova et al. 006).Bulgaria has therefore a find out to benefit from entrepreneurship since it has been cited as the core instrument for job creation, wealth production and social change (Nikolaeva, 2006 Manolova et al. 2007 Georgieva, 1999). However, the growth and sustenance of Bulgarias intellect capital in enterprises depends on public constitution aspects and managerial concerns. Buckwalter (1995) points out that concerning location decision of firms, entrepreneurs in Bulgaria need to shift from motivated planners who are ideological to motivated planners who are market owners or managers.Before discussing the measur es that Bulgaria needs to do put in place to sustain its intellectual capital, the entrepreneurial success of Sweden and the UK will be discussed. Enterpreneual Success of Sweden (Nordic Region) Norm entrepreneurship in the Nordic region is a foreign policy that gives the small Nordic states power to involve in international governance (Bjorkdahl, 2007). Sweden and other countries in the Nordic region are recognized globally from entrepreneurship and are presumable to be addicted a platform to comment on issues affecting the international politics arena, based on this.This is in contrast to Bulgaria, who, despite of eminence in entrepreneurship, is not considered influential in international matters. This can be argued from the fact that the prominent Communism era detached Bulgaria from the rest of the Europe region. Bjorkdahl, (2007) argues that Sweden does not possess a high amount of natural economic and military resources enough to influence international phenomenon like pea ce but Sweden does this through political capital, norm building ability and moral authority that prevails in the country. administration policies, state involvement and economic policies determine the entrepreneurial success of a country. According to Parker, (2006), comparative economic has currently shifted from outcomes on macroeconomic levels to focus on knowledge and innovation. Therefore, entrepreneurial success is possible with a high intellectual capacity. However, Parker (2006) cites Sweden as a country whose regulatory environment nature, institutional infrastructure and politics discourage the entrepreneurship culture.Sweden however is economically famous for possession of large firms. Swedens domestic compensation policy entails market liberalism where international economic policies influence the changes in the domestic economy structure. The advantage of Sweden over Bulgaria is that Swedens market economy is highly coordinated but critics argue that the coordination r esults from arrangements that are non- market and non- institutionalized (Parker, 2006). Although not as low as Bulgaria, Sweden also has low number of employees in the firms.It can be argued that Swedens entrepreneurship is more organized as compared to that of Bulgarians but entrepreneur support is less exhibited. High taxation practices and rigid taxation rules are some of the practices that hinder entrepreneurship in Sweden. Instead, large scale firms in Sweden have policies of maintaining employees and stakeholders through stock options. This kills the morale of entrepreneurship because the employees still benefit even when they have not contributed to innovation and technological advancement of the country.In Sweden and the Nordic region at large, the entrepreneur takes all the risk when starting a business, a factor that brings fear to hardworking entrepreneurs who feel that trends in the international economy may affect their firms negatively. When compared to an open up en trepreneur culture like that of the Silicon Valley in the US, the venture capital that Sweden grants to the entrepreneurs is very limited. Moreover, university students in Sweden find entrepreneurial careers to be less lucrative and therefore get involved more on the white collar jobs, no wonder the large scale firms establishment.This is as opposed to the US where most university students are likely to venture in entrepreneurship with full support from the government (Cook, Joseph, 2001). Bulgaria seems to be more likely to be successful in the entrepreneurship economy when the education system is considered, but it needs firmer support from the political and economic policies. The Silicon state in the US therefore serves as a better workout of how entrepreneurship is supported for individual development and wealth creation. The United Kingdom (Western Europe)Entrepreneurship spans the creation and transmission of knowledge which can lead to individual wealth creating ventures or partnership of knowledge bearers who work together for the same involvement. According to DEste and Fontana (2007), several higher education institutes in the UK have started to incorporate and support entrepreneurship careers in their curricular. This is because entrepreneurship has been associated with increased and improved innovations and technology advancement, which are promoted when industries and universities collaborate.However, Thurik (2003) relates the high unemployment rates experienced in the UK to lack of entrepreneurship and inadequate industrial infrastructure and attributes the reduced employment rates in the period of 1980s to 1990s to entrepreneurship. The UK has therefore had a shift from entrepreneurial culture, to non enterprising and again back to enterprising because of the perceived benefits. Davenport, (2006) points to the need for technological innovations and changing market environments as the driving factors behind entrepreneurship in the UK today.How ever, just like in the Nordic region, entrepreneurship in the UK is considered is considered mostly as an informal venture and less likely to receive support from established political and economic policies as well as reduce motivation for those aspiring to be entrepreneurs. UK identifies the importance of entrepreneurship but has been slow in its full support (Branback, 2008). For the creation of entrepreneurial firms that can turn out as successful as those of the Silicon Valley, government support is needed as well as education systems that motivate enterprising (Hildebrand, 2005 Maliraja, 2003).

Enzyme used to break cell wall Essay Example for Free

Enzyme utilize to shifting jail cell wall EssayAim To investigate the affect of Pectinase on the list of succus produced from a stewed apple. I forgeting investigate and explore the factors, which affect the set out at which juice is coming out of the stewed apple. There be many factors, which determine the rate at which counterbalanceions foreshorten vex. The factors include temperature, concentration, come along area or pressure (if the substance is a gas) and a catalyst. nevertheless in this particular experiment I relieve oneself chosen to investigate the rate of reaction when the concentration is the uncertain involved. Scientific Theories The theory of collisions Substances are made up particles.The particles in a particular substance potbelly be atoms, ions or molecules. If two or more than reactants collide with sufficient energy then a chemical reaction takes place producing a product. The particles essential collide together hard enough to break th e chemical bonds, kinetic energy is needed for this to occur. The initial energy or minimum energy that particles of reactants must produce for them to react must have for them to react when they collide. The rate of reaction depends on how many reacting particles have this minimum energy. Heat is sometimes needed to start a reaction, which is referred to the activation energy.In many reactions lots the products have less energy than the reactants. The more collisions and the harder the collisions between particles in a given time allow for solution in the reaction speeding up. Temperature Faster collisions are only obtained by increasing the temperature. When the temperature is increase all the particles move quicker and collide more often. This leave alone thitherfore speed up the rate of reaction. Surface Area (size of particles) If reactants are solid which is Magnesium in this particular experiment then if they are broken into smaller pieces this pass on increase the so lids surface area.This will mean that the root word surrounding it in this case Hydrochloric acid will have more region to react on therefore creating more collisions between particles. This in like manner will speed up the reaction. Concentration (or pressure if a gas) When a solution is made more concentrated which in this reaction will be to add more hydrochloric acid, which will mean there are more reactants to react with the magnesium therefore collisions are more likely. In gases though, increasing the pressure will mean the particles are more squashed up together then colliding more.This will speed up the rate of reaction. Catalyst This will speed up the reaction as it gives the reactants a surface to stick to where they can collide. Reactions only happen when particles collide with sufficient energy. From this theory as I am investigating the concentration of Pectinase we can say that if we increase the sight of Pectinase the rate at which the reaction takes place will increase, as the number of collision are more likely. Lock and keystone Hypothesis Enzymes are substances that act as catalysts, in other words they increase the rate of reactions. some enzymes are large protein molecules, with three-dimensional shapes. The substance with which the enzyme combines is known as the substrate. The reaction takes place on the surface of the enzyme called the alert office. Enzyme molecules are usually very much larger than their substrates. The precise shape of the active site is important because it is complimentary to the shape of the substrate molecule, which lodges into the active site, which is known as the lock and key mechanism. In this particular experiment the active site of the enzyme has a specific shape for the Pectin, which only it can fit into.The substrate is the pectin and the enzyme is the pectinase. In this specific experiment, we can say that if we increase the hatful of Pectinase (the enzyme) the rate at which the pectin interac ts with the active site of the enzyme will increase, therefore the rate at which the juice comes out of the stewed apple will to a fault increase. Enzyme Activity 0i C 45i C Enzymes are usually damaged by temperatures above most 45i c, and as the graph shows, their activity drops off sharply when the temperature gets too high. Preliminary Work.In class we have performed a similar experiment involving the rate at which juice comes out of a stewed apple. However this time there were only two stewed apples, one solution contained the enzyme pectinase and the other without it. From doing this experiment, I make that the solution with Pectinase clearly produced more juice at a faster rate, than the solution without Pectinase. This proves that enzymes will greatly increase the rate of formation of the product. From doing that experiment I learnt a lot of things, which I would have to smorgasbord in my final experiment, for example a more accurate measuring cylinder. Prediction.I predic t that if I double the concentration of Pectinase, the rate at which the juice comes out of the stewed apple will too double. And the reaction time will be cut in half. This is because as the volumes of Pectinase will increases therefore there will be more Pectin interacting with the active site of Pectinase, therefore more cell walls will be breaking and more juice will be produced. Also, because of the simple concept that before particles can react they must collide, therefore there will be more particles in a smaller volume therefore collision between particles will be more likely and consequently the reaction will speed up.I can also predict that if I half the concentration of Pectinase, this will also half the rate at which the reaction takes place and the time taken for the reaction to take place will double. This is because the decreased number of particles also means that the chance of collision will also reduce. thusly the time taken for the cell wall in the apple to break will decrease and result in less juice being produced over a certain period of time. I also predict that the amount 0of juice produced will be proportional to the time. Apparatus Pectinase (enzyme used to break cell wall) 4 100cmi beakers 10cmi measuring cylinder Stewed Apples (chopped up) Filer paper Water Stop- clock (to record the amount of juice being produced) Scale (used to measure the mass of the steed apples) Funnel Syringe Variables The variable, which will be changed in this experiment to alter the rate of reaction, is concentration. At least five readings are needed in pose to draw a graph and to have significant amount of results, to prove he prediction. The concentration of Pectinase will change, as water will be added to dilute it.The total volume of Pectinase and water in distributively experiment will always be 5cmi making it a fair test. The table below shows the incompatible concentrations used in the experiment Concentration of Pectinase Concentratio n of Water 5cmi 0cmi 4cmi 1cmi 3cmi 2cmi 2cmi 3cmi 1cmi 4cmi 0cmi 5cmi Plan The apparatus will first be collected and set up. The stewed apple will be weighed in a 100cmi beaker. The volume of Pectinase and water will be taken out of the container using a syringe. The Pectinase and water will be measured using a measuring cylinder (10cmi)

Mcdonalds Great Britain - the Turnaround Essay Example for Free

Mcdonalds Great Britain the Turnaround Essay compend of the Problem McDonalds spacious Britain experienced a great deal of hardships and changes. McDonalds US sales have steady change magnitude but Great Britain has not shown any significant increase.The solid ground for the gloomful sales is because of new chains such as Yo sushi and Nandos Chicken Restaurants which tickled the Great Britains taste. An issue in the refrain food industry is the mad cow sc are. at that place are some comments close to McDonalds Great Britain standardised a guy just go to McDonalds for a last resort, the texture, the taste and the tactual sensation of the burger was different than before. Also, passel are becoming more health conscious.There was also a law beseem with McDonalds and ii green peace activists. For teenagers, McDonalds appeal to their taste thats why McDonalds UK profit 118 Million (in Euro). Lastly, the company monitors news articles and goggle box references. In Great Britain, they have been rated either as negative or deaf(p). They have taken these comments and trusted steps to reverse the trend. They developed new menus composed of salads, grilled chicken and fruits. Their burgers and original menus were modify to suit their audiences taste. They also developed new recipes.They informed people about their foods dietary information. They also got Destinys fry to denote for the new salad line and they brewed coffee in receipt to the rising coffee house trend. chief executive officer of McDonalds UK has a vision for them. They have to give more value to the customer in order to upgrade the McDonalds experience. They should go bad fundament to the basics of service and cleanliness. They will re-invent their food with various changes in their ingredients to suit the taste of the customers. The CEO wants McDonalds to become eat restaurant because they have opportunities there.

To Love Another Person is to See the Face of God Essay Example for Free

To Love Another Person is to See the construction of God EssayTo venerate another person doesnt really mean to see the bet of God. You have to feel all the love and blessings of God. Living the life of God, with his words and doing things that we get along is right is lifespan the path of life loving any other person regardless of what she or he is alive with the love of God with no conditions, no barriers that can stop him/her, only with just plain love of God . Accepting other person, understanding them is the guidance of showing love to them. Helping them in times of trouble, giving them advice for goodness in life and supporting them on the things that they want to do are few thing we can do to show them our concern and love for them. We should not wait for them to return prefer for what we did for them, because comparable God who love and help us, he didnt ask anything in return for what he did for each adept of us and never get tired of doing those things, so s hould just be thankful for what we did. That is Gods will for us.There are times we need to render for the sake of others. Those sacrifices are just tools for them to have happiness they deserve. But should not be lonely because we sacrifice it, God has forever plans for our life. We dont that he might have much plans for our life. Also we dont know what will happen in our lives, but we should not just wait until something comes in our way. We should be the one to start our lives with God in our side for us to reach success Sharing happiness that you arrive with all other people you want to share is showing them your love for them. Someday all of our sacrifice and all that we share with others will return to us but we dont know when. completely God knows.We should not be disturbed by the ups and downs of life. It is pause of life were our courage, strength and faith in God were tested for us to be more ready to face all the coming trials for us. It is part of the path we all have to take to learn more things about life, on how we can more understand the life God had do for us. Being able to surpass the trials we are facing is like reaching one of our many goals in life. And showing our love to other person is one of the sterling(prenominal) commandments of God. Love all the people with your whole heart, let them fell it not just hear it, let them receive it not just expect it and love is the beginning of goodness. Showing love to others is the best way to show them goodness. Love God first, and love others more than you love yourself.

Information Systems and Organization Essay Example for Free

Information Systems and brass instrument EssayThis wallpaper, and the special issue, address relationships amidst selective education systems and changes in the organization of advanced enterprise, some(prenominal) at heart and crosswise firms. The emerging organisational paradigm involves complementary changes in multiple dimensions. The revolution in education systems merits special attention as two cause and effect of the organisational transformation. This butt be illustrated by considering two nominate variables the location of study and the location of finale indemnifys in organizations. Depending on the costs of nurture transmission and process, either the MIS solution of transferring culture, or the organizational contrive solution of moving last rights, can be an effective approach toward achieving the necessary collocation of culture and finis rights. When selective education systems change radically, angiotensin converting enzyme can non expe ct the optimum organizational anatomical twist to be unaffected. Considering the interplay among nurture, incentives and finis rights in a unified look leads to freshly insights and a better organizational planning. The papers in the special issue address diametrical facets of this inter lickion. Despite significant progress, our understanding of the economic role of information systems in organizations remains in its infancy. We dissolve that successful design of modern enterprise give require further narrowingof the historic cattle farm between research in information systems and research in economics.The organization of work is in the midst of transformation. In many industries, mass payoff by large, vertically-integrated, hierarchically-organized firms is giving way to often flexible forms of both internal organization and industrial structure. Work is increasingly accomplished by means of vanes of smaller, much(prenominal) than focused enterprises. The exitin g structure of loosely coupled sub-organizations blurs the boundaries of both firms and industries.A canonical case in point is the computer industry. In the past, the industry was dominated by large, vertically-integrated firms such as IBM and Digital Equipment which created products and services through aside the value stove from the microprocessor level all the way up to the provision of solutions. The vertical structure is now being replaced by a series of layers, individually of which is, in effect, a separate industry. Value is generated by ever-changing coalitions, where each member of a coalition specializes in its bowl of core competence and leverages it through the use of tactical or strategic partnerships. Internally, team structures are replacing the handed-down hierarchical form, and the Silicon Valley poseur of internal organization is emerging as a clear winner.3 Internal incentives are increasingly found on performance, and this further blurs the differences between inter- and intra-firm contracts. In sum, modern enterprise is undergoing major restructuring.In this short paper we briefly discuss the risingly emerging organizational paradigms and their relationship to the common trends in information engine room (IT). We argue that IT is an important driver of this transformation. Finally, we place the studies selected for this special issue of the Journal of organisational Computing at bottom this context.1. Emerging Organizational Paradigms Symptoms and CausesAt the turn of the century, Frederick Taylor sought to put the nascent wisdomfor successful short letter organization on a scientific dry land. His work guided a times of managers towards success in meshing their organizations with the technologies, markets, labor and oecumenical environment of the era. By the 1920s, Henry Ford had applied the Taylorist approach with a vengeance and soon dominated the automobile market, driving dozens of competitors under. Ironically, thes e same principles are almost diametrically opposed to the prevailing wisdom of the 1990s. For example, consider the following guideline from The Science of Management 1It is necessary in any activity to befuddle a complete association of what is to be d ane and to prepare operating instructions the laborer has only to follow instructions. He need not stop to think.The current emphasis on empowerment, learning organizations, and even thriving on chaos stands in sharp line of credit to Meyers advice (cf. 2 , 3 ). Similar contrast can be found with many, if not most, of the other principles that lead to success even as ripe as the 1960s. Consider, for example, the growing calls for downsizing (vs. economies of scale), focus (vs. conglomerates), total whole step (vs. cost leadership), project teams (vs. functional departments), raiser partnerships (vs. maximizing bargaining power), networked organization (vs. clear firm boundaries) performance-based pay (vs. fixed pay), and local autonomy (vs. sturdy hierarchy).Milgrom and Roberts 4 experience the point that the assorted characteristics of modern manufacturing, an important example of the emerging organizational paradigm, are frequently highly complementary. This complementarity, coupled with the natural tendency to change organizational attributes one at a time, befools the variation from one paradigm to another particularly difficult. Strong complementarity implies that in order to be successful, change must(prenominal) be implemented simultaneously along a number of related dimensions. Organizations that adopt only one or two pick out components of the smart organizational paradigm may fail simply by virtue of this complementarity.For instance, Jaikumars 5 study of 95 US and Japanese companies found that the majority of US companies had failed to achieve productivityincreases despite switching to flexible manufacturing technology. The reason was that they had preserved dozens of manufacturing p ractices such as long production runs and high work-in-process inventory levels, which complemented the senile technology but kept the impudently technology from fulfilling its potential. Thus, the transition from the oldish structure to the new one is overwhelmingly complex. The switch would be easier if we apply design guided by theory instead of piecemeal evolution.There are many possible explanations for the change in the prevailing wisdom regarding organizational design. For instance, it is common to fairishify calls for radical change with reference to heightened competitive pressures although firms that applied the old principles were among the most successful competitors of their day, presumably the nature of competition has changed in some way. Others suggest that consumer tastes have changed, make customized items more appealing than they once were. While historians would argue that the taste for mass marketed items was itself something that had to be developed in the early days of mass production, increased wealth or social stratification may make this more difficult today. It can also be argued that some of the new principles were as applicable cardinal years ago as they are today, but that they simply had not yet been discovered.Although the enablers of the current organizational transformation are undoubtedly numerous and far from mutually independent, we would like to single one out for special attention the rise in IT. Brynjolfsson 6, p.6 argues that IT is an appropriate candidate for explaining these changes for three reasonsFirst, compared to other explanations, the advances in information technology have a particularly reasonable claim to being both novel and exogenous. some(prenominal) of the fundamental technological breakthroughs that enable todays vast information infrastructure were made less than a generation ago and were driven more by progress in physics and engineering than business demand. Second, the branch in information technology investment is of a large enough magnitude to be economically significant the offspring has been what is commonly referred to as the information explosion Third, at that place is asound basis for expecting an association between the costs of technologies that manage information and the organization of economic activity. The firm and the market have each been frequently modeled as primarily information processing institutions (see Galbraith 7 and Hayek 8 , respectively).Miller 9 foresaw the key features of the new paradigm as a natural outcome of the information era and the associated economy of choiceThe new technologies go out allow managers to handle more functions and widen their span of control. Fewer levels of trouble hierarchy will be required, enabling companies to flatten the pyramid of todays management structure. The new information technologies allow decentralization of decision- fashioning without sledding of management awareness thus employees at all le vels can be encouraged to be more creative and intrapreneurial. The key responsibility of the CEO will be leadership to capture the light or energies of the organization like a lens and focus them on the key strategic objectives.The new organizational paradigm is indeed intertwined with the structure of an organizations information systems. Under the old paradigm, the firm was governed by a proportionally rigid functional structure. This separation into distinct and well-defined organizational units economizes on the information and communications requirements across functional units and bowdlerizes cost and complexity. There is a tradeoff, however the old structure is less flexible, less antiphonary and ultimately results in lower quality. In our view, the growing use of IT and the trend towards networking and client-server computing are both a cause and an effect of the organizational transition.Lowering the costs of horizontal communications, facilitating teamwork, enabling flexible manufacturing and providing information support for time management and quality control are key enablers on the supply side. It is as clear that the new organizational paradigm demands new information systems nothing can be more devastating for cross-functional teamwork than a rigid information system that inhibits cross-functional information flows. We can unify these perspectives by noting that the structure of the organizations information system is a key element oforganizational transformation. Changes in IT change the nature of organizations just as changes in organizational structure drive the development of new technologies.2. Information Systems, Economics and Organizational StructureJensen and Meckling 10 provide a useful framework for studying the complementarities between information systems, incentive structures and decision rights in organizations. In their framework, the structure of an organization is specified by three key elements (i) The parceling of dec ision rights (i.e., who is responsible for what actions/decisions) (ii) the incentive system, which defines how decision makers are to be rewarded (or penalized) for the decisions they make and (iii) a monitoring and measurement abstract used to evaluate these actions and their outcomes.According to Jensen and Meckling, informational variables are key to the structure of organizations because the quality of decisions is determined by the quality of information available to the decision maker. The co-location of information and decision rights enables the decision maker to make optimal decisions. The performance of this co-location depends on the nature of the pertinent information. Jensen and Meckling distinguish between particular proposition knowledge which is localized, difficult to represent and transfer, and depends on idiosyncratic circumstances, and general knowledge which can be easily summarized, communicated and component partd by decision makers.Now, there are two ways to bring information and decision rights together (i) The MIS solution transfer the information required for the decision to the decision maker, using the organizations (possibly non-automated) information systems or (ii) the organizational redesign solution redesign the organizational structure so that the decision making potency is where the pertinent information is. By definition, general knowledge which is useful for a decision calls for the MIS solution because it can be transferred at low cost. In contrast, when specific knowledge plays a key role in a decision, the take up solution calls for restructuring decisionrights so as to provide the decision authority to the one who possesses or has access to the pertinent information (since the transfer of specific knowledge is too costly).4Jensen and Meckling thus represent the structure of organizations as an efficient solution to the structure of their information costs. But then, a change in information costs must suffer a c hange in organizational structure. In particular, IT has changed the costs of processing and transferring authentic types of information (e.g. quantitative data), but has done little for other types (e.g. implicit knowledge or skills). IT changes the structure of organizations by facilitating certain information flows as well as by turning knowledge that used to be specific into general knowledge. By developing a taxonomy of information types and identifying the differential impacts of new technologies on their transferability and importance, we can concentrate a significant step towards applying the simple insight that information and authority should be co-located 11 .Intra-organizational networks and workgroup computing facilities reduce the information costs of teamwork and hence make it a more efficient solution to the organizational design problem. Client-server computing technology lowers cross-functional (as well as geographic) barriers. IT (when applied properly) streamli nes the types of information that used to be the raison detre of middle management quantitative control information and turns it into general knowledge that can be readily transmitted to, and impact by, people other than those who originally gathered the data. A reduction in the number of management layers and the slip out of middle management ranks is the predictable result.Similar considerations apply to enterprises that cross firm boundaries. As a simple example, consider the organization of trading activities 12, 13, 14 . Traditionally, trading took place on the al-Qaeda of an exchange, which was the locus of numerous pieces of specific knowledge, ranging from the hand signals indicating bids and offers to buy and sell a security to traders facial expressions and the atmosphere on the floor of the exchange. Under that structure, much of the information pertinent to trading is specific andlocalized to the floor. Thus, when an investor instructs her broker to sell 1,000 share s of a given stock, the broker transmits the order to the floor of the exchange and only the floor broker attempts to provide best execution.The decision rights (here, for the trading decisions) are naturally delegated to the decision maker who has the pertinent specific knowledge, and since that knowledge resides on the floor of the exchange, the floor broker is best suited to have the decision rights. Technology, and in particular screen-based systems, turns much of the specific knowledge on the floor (i.e., bids and offers) into general knowledge. This shifts decision rights up from the floor to the brokers screens. The inevitable result is the decline of the trading floor and the increased importance of brokers trading rooms. The demise of the trading floor in exchanges that turned to screen-based trading (such as London and Paris) is a natural outcome of the shift in the locus of knowledge. More generally, markets in particular, electronic markets transform specific knowledge into general knowledge 15 .Ironically, even as IT has sped up many links of the information processing chain and vastly increased the amount of information available to any one decision-maker, it has also led to the phenomenon of information overload. This can by chance best be understood by a generalization of the Jensen and Meckling framework to include finite human information processing might. As more information moves from the specific category to the general category, the limiting factor becomes not what information is available but rather a matter of finding the human information processing capacity needed to attend to and process the information.Computers appear to have exacerbated the surfeit of information relative to processing capacity, perhaps because the greatest advances have occurred in the processing and storage of structured data, which is generally a complement, not a substitute, for human information processing. As computer and communications components increa se their speed, the human bottleneck in the information processing chain becomes ever more apparent.Information overload, when interpreted in light of this framework, can provide an explanation for the increased autonomy and pay-for-performancethat characterize a number of descriptions of the new managerial work (cf. 6 ). Economizing on information costs means that more decision rights are delegated to line managers who possess the idiosyncratic, specific knowledge necessary to accomplish their tasks. Shifting responsibility from the overburdened top of the hierarchy to line personnel not only reduces the information processing load at the top of the hierarchy, but also cuts down supernumerary communications up and down the hierarchy.This blurs the traditional distinction between conceptualization and execution and broadens the mountain chain of decision rights delegated to lower level managers. By the Jensen-Meckling 10 framework, any such shift in decision authority (and in the associated routing of information) must also be accompanied by a change in the structure of incentives. Disseminating information more broadly is ever easier with IT, allowing line workers to take into account information that goes well beyond the formerly-narrow definitions of their job.Meanwhile, providing the right incentives for the newly empowered work force is an equally crucial element of the current reorganization of work. procedure theory predicts that performance-based pay is necessary when decision rights are decentralized (otherwise, the agents may be induced to act in ways that are inconsistent with boilersuit organizational goals). It therefore follows that incentive-based compensation is appropriate for better-informed workers 16.5 Thus, the group meeting of better-informed workers, an empowered workforce and more incentive-based pay is consistent with our thesis that IT is a key driver of the new organizational paradigm.Furthermore, the theory of incomplete contrac ts suggests that the analysis can be extended to include interorganizational changes such as increased reliance on outsourcing and networks of other firms for key components 17 . Here again the shift can be explained in incentive terms one ultimate incentive is ownership, so entrepreneurs are likely to be more innovative and aggressive than the same individuals working as division managers. Both within and across organizations, then, changes in information systems are accompanied by changes in incentives and in the organization of work.3. The Special materializationThe papers in this special issue attest to the role of information systems in the structure of modern enterprise and the blurring of the differences between inter- and intra-firm transactions. Starting from the firms level, Barrons paper studies how a firm determines its internal organization and how IT affects this determination. Barron considers a traditional firm, with well-defined boundaries that are endogenously det ermined by considering tractableness and scope of control. Ching, Holsapple and Whinston broaden the scope of the enterprise to the network organization a construct obtained by tying together a number of firms that cooperate through a well-defined communication mechanism.Specifically, they use a bidding protocol to manage the relationship between suppliers and producers. Beath and Ang examine another form of inter-firm cooperation, the relational contract, in the context of software-development outsourcing. They give tongue to how relational contracts embody a relationship that can be characterized as a network consisting of two organizations. pat studies a more subtle form of networking information sharing between buyers and suppliers. Bakos and Brynjolfsson examine the impact of incentives and information costs on the nature of buyer-supplier relationships. They show that committing to a partnership with a small number of suppliers can be an optimal strategy for a buyer becau se it will maximize the suppliers incentives for non-contractible investments such as information sharing, innovation or quality.The papers thus present a spectrum ranging from a study of the boundaries of the traditional firm through different forms of networking to verbalized buyer-supplier relationships. A common theme is the organization of work so as to reduce overall information costs not only within an organization but across them as well. The go enterprise is often (though not always) the one that attempts to reduce information costs while capitalizing on the comparative advantage of the participating organizations. This calls for opportunistic cooperation that benefits the members of the network for as long as they cooperate.IT reduces the costs of such cooperation byfacilitating communication and increasing the flexibility of the participating organizations. Using the Jensen-Meckling terminology, different network participants can make more effective use of their specifi c knowledge when the costs of transferring and processing general knowledge are reduced. Further, technology enables the development of markets that, by their in truth nature, transform specific knowledge into general knowledge. Thus, the bidding and communications protocols proposed by Ching, Holsapple and Whinston in their paper Modeling Network Organizations effectively transform the specific knowledge inherent in the production technology of the competing suppliers into general knowledge that encompasses not only prices but also their reputations. From this perspective, IT is key to the development of network organizations.In his paper Impacts of Information Technology on Organizational Size and Shape bid and Flexibility Effects, Barron builds a stylized quantitative model to study the impact of IT on the structure of organizations. Examining flexibility and scope of control, he identifies sixteen different cases with different patterns of the actual causality between IT and fi rm structure. Barron shows that simplistic statements regarding the impact of IT are not as straightforward as one might imagine cod to the interaction of size, scope and flexibility. His results suggest that the impact of IT is rather complex, and that further specification is necessary prior to making predictions on the impact of IT on organizational size or shape.Hierarchical Elements in Software bundles by Beath and Ang focuses on the contractual structure of outsourced software development. This is an interesting example of the new organizational paradigm because of the key role of information systems in any organization. Effective software development hinges on cooperation, communication and articulate management which are at the heart of the new organizational paradigm. Beath and Ang examine the mechanisms used to govern outsourcing projects as specified in their outsourcing contracts.They suggest that the relational contract, which converts an arms-length transaction into a joint project with governance and solving procedures that resemble those used by firms internally, is aneffective way to accomplish this. Thus, while Ching, Holsapple and Whinston view bidding and explicit reputation formation as the alphabet of the network organization, Beath and Ang view actual contract clauses as the key linguistic constructs. The paper shows how the structure of the contract is driven by the attributes of the project as well as those of the parties to the transaction.In Analysis of Economic motivators for Inter-Organizational Information Sharing, Whang addresses the question of information sharing in non-cooperative buyer-supplier settings. Whang studies this question for two different models. He first shows that due to adverse incentives, suppliers will not be willing to share information regarding their costs. The situation is different when the information to be conveyed is regarding the expected delay or lead time. Whang shows that suppliers are better off disclosing lead-time information to buyers (when the demand curve for their product is convex). This result is consistent with our general thesis, whereas the former one introduces a note of caution adverse incentives pose limits to the scope of information sharing among network organizations.In From Vendors to Partners Information Technology and Incomplete Contracts in Buyer-Supplier Relationships, Bakos and Brynjolfsson start with the impudence that, in many cases, complete information exchange between two firms will be infeasible, so any contract between them will be incomplete in the sense that some contingencies will remain unspecified. They then explore how the interplay of IT and organizational structure can affect the role of non-contractible investments, such as innovation, quality and the exchange of information.For example, Bakos and Brynjolfsson show that when fewer suppliers are employed, they collectively capture a larger share of the benefits of the relationship, and this will increase their incentives to make non-contractible investments. As a result, even when search costs are very low, it may be desirable for the buyer to limit the number of employed suppliers, leading to a partnership-type of relationship, rather than aggressively bargaining for all the benefits by threatening to switch among numerous alternative suppliers. Like Whang, they show that the incentive effects of the applications of IT must be explicitly considered in any modelof their effect on inter-organizational cooperation.4. ConclusionIn this paper, we have stressed the joint determination of the location of information and decision rights. The oversight mechanism used to achieve this co-location depends on ones point of reference. Information Systems researchers are likely to take the locus of decision authority for granted. They will typically focus their attention on devising schemes that will efficiently organize, retrieve, sort, filter, transmit and display info rmation for designated decision makers.In contrast, the economist is likely to focus on the allocation of decision rights and the concomitant effect on incentives.6 As we discussed in Section 2, transferring information and transferring decision authority are two sides of the same question. Because economics and information systems research evolved to address different problems, this complementarity long went unnoticed. apiece of the papers in the special issue addresses a different smell of the interplay among information, incentives and the structure of economic enterprise. In every case, insights resulted when both information and incentives were explicitly considered. Each paper contributes an additional piece to an emerging mosaic that describes not only the features of the new organization, but also gives some insight into their theoretical underpinnings.The papers in this special issue also highlight the incomplete state of knowledge in the subject area and the dearth of em pirical guidance to the formulation and testing of theoretical research. We started this paper with a discussion of the computer industry as the canonical example of the new paradigm as exercised in Silicon Valley, and go along by arguing that its products actually fuel the shift to this paradigm. It is only appropriate to close the loop by examining the dictum of that paradigm as it applies to the inner workings of firms in the computer industry. A major sudor along these lines in being undertaken by one of the authors and his colleagues in Stanford Universitys Computer Industry Project.Understanding these changes so that they can be harnessed for productive ends remains a central challenge for the next hug drug of research. The rapid progress in designing computers and communications systems contrasts starkly with the uncertainty clouding organizational design. Yet, new ways of organizing will be necessary before the potential of IT can be realized.Furthermore, because the new organizational paradigms involve numerous complementarities, the trial-and-error methods which were important in the rise of the organizational forms of the past century, such as large hierarchies and mass markets, may be unsuited for making the next transition. Understanding and implementing one aspect of a new organizational structure without regard to its interaction with other aspects can leave the make the organization worse off than if no modifications at all were made. Design, rather than evolution, is called for when significant changes must be made along multiple dimensions simultaneously.Successful organizational design, in turn, requires that we understand the flow of information among human race and their agents every bit as well as we understand the flow of electrons in chips and wires. Perhaps, then, the revolution in information processing capabilities not only calls for a change in business organization, but also a re-evaluation of the historic separation between In formation Systems and Economics.REFERENCES1 Meyers, G. The Science of Management. In C. B. Thompson (Eds.), Scientific Management Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1914.2 Kanter, R. M. The spic-and-span Managerial Work. 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