Poetry Essay

The poem described the speaker’s longing and hope for her happiness in life. As she raises everyday, she depicts life at its best to fulfill her joy and contentment even if she is alone. The four stanza poem discussed the character’s identity and idea towards joy and contentment in life. The speaker wants to convey to her readers that whatever circumstances they may have; it is a great start to thank God for a new day of life. The first stanza discussed the emotions of the speaker as she faces the new day. The second stanza discussed how she thanked her creator for the new beginning of challenges and happiness. The third stanza discussed how the speaker prayed for the people around her whether they are in the same race or not. The last stanza described how the earth is filled with gladness if equality and justice exist. The speaker described her prayer through this poem. It is a selfless desire to transform the earth into salvation and peace despite of all the injustices and social inequality. On the other way around, the title also described the wholeness of the poem. It serves as the identity and apparent illusion of the poem. The title of this poem showed the main idea of the poem as it reveals the attack of the poet. In conclusion to this, it can be said that the poem is too short to read and understand. The poem has simple thoughts to convey to its readers. The attack of the poet showed how prayer becomes powerful despite of all the troubles and fears of the society.

Monitoring

Monitoring is the systematic and routine gathering of data from program and projects for four principle purposes as written in (World Bank, 1980), to gain from encounters to enhance practices and exercises later on (Ben, 2002), to have inner and outer responsibility of the assets utilized and the outcomes acquired, to get informed decisions on get on the future of the initiative and to promote empowerment of beneficiaries of the activity additionally discussed by (John and Khilesh, 2008). Evaluation is the assessing, as systematically and objectively as possible, a completed project or programme (or a period of a progressing undertaking or program that has been finished) Evaluations assess information and data that illuminate key choices, in this way enhancing the venture or program later on unmistakably shown by (Yang, Sun and Martin, 2008). From the perspective of (Pfohl, 1986), assessments should make inferences around five fundamental parts of the mediation: pertinence, adequacy, effectiveness, effect, and maintainability. As the global network struggle to improve the advancement results at the nation level, new difficulties emerge in the act of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E). The ponder by (Mintzberg, 1994) trusts that the key arranging models for monitoring and evaluation of network-based undertakings of the 1970s, at last, failed in light of the fact that, they didn't recognize vital arranging and vital reasoning in monitoring and evaluation of network-based tasks. Citing to from (Miller, 1990), Citing from (Miller, 1990), and Mucai found in their research that the victories and strengths of some community-based projects can often be the cause of their future monitoring and evaluation strategic failure. A few journalists have clarified that despite the fact that numerous assets are put resources into the improvement of M;E frameworks, not every one of them really gets executed or regardless of whether they do, they are just in part actualized because of difficulties experienced amid usage (Groene and Branda 2006, 298). Mahmood et al (2011) indicated the intricacy and in addition poor understanding of M;E frameworks as one of the challenges experienced in its execution. In some cases, the implementation is described as being problematic, as issues such as improper operationalization of outcomes, makes it impossible to measure what is intended to be measured (Groene and Branda 2006, 299). Individual staff inside Organizations make varying understanding and assumptions about the M;E system and place different values on M;E, which results in various institutional rationales towards M;E framework and a more extensive hierarchical inability to quantify advance and think about results. There are additional difficulties among Organization in making an interpretation of wide authoritative objectives into particular task exercises, underscoring strains in execution and constraints in M;E practice (Catherine Benson Wahlà ©n 2014, pp. 77-88) The study by (RM Mthethwa, 2006) contend that; the primary challenges looked by numerous association is that the learning, abilities, and capability required for those aspiring and performing obligations identified with M;E of public projects is limited. Program authorities neglect to comprehend the significance of M;E at the neighbourhood government level of the different tasks. Along these lines, they have neglected to build up an institutional M;E framework (counting M;E designs, pointers and instruments). This uncovers albeit much has been accomplished as far as giving administrations to the larger part of recipients, much still should be done as far as preparing, workshops, exchange on M;E and how reasonable frameworks can be actualized at Organization level to upgrade service delivery. From (UNDP Evaluation site, 2011), its contend that there are a wide range of (delicate, hard and blended) factors that impact the achievement or disappointment of Monitoring and Evaluation system in network-based undertakings, going from the general population who convey or actualize the technique to the frameworks or systems set up for co-appointment and control. These variables should be distinguished and managed to guarantee productivity and viability in Monitoring and Evaluation arrangement of the network-based tasks as suggested by (John and Khilesh, 2008). A significant number of the tasks faces challenges in Monitoring and Evaluation of their activities because of numerous elements. This is as indicated by (Pfohl, 1986). According to Messah and Mucai in their paper, Factors Affecting the Implementation of Strategic Plans in Government Tertiary Institutions: A Survey of Selected Technical Training Institutes, as cited in(Finkelstein, 2003), maps four circumstances in which strategic planning for monitoring and evaluation of community-based projects failure is most likely to occur: Babbie and Mouton (2001, 342), in looking at dimensions of programme management and implementation, cited a number of issues that impact on the implementation of M;E systems. Issues raised include the competencies and abilities of the personnel who are to manage the implementation; the organizational structures available to create an enabling environment for the discharge of M;E duties, personality styles and attitudes of implementation staff (Babbie and Mouton 2001, 344). Despite these challenges, many organizations have begun to recognize the importance of M;E for two key reasons: accountability and improvement (Margoluis et al. 2009). Accountability-focused evaluation serves to ensure that organizations account financially for their activities and implement promised activities and usually stems from a formal process required by the donors. Improvement-focused evaluation aims to improve implementation and organizational, management or project effectiveness. This improvement- focused on understanding and challenges of M;E is the focus of these research. I define M;E as the process through which organizations evaluate their practices and outcomes according to their mission and objectives.

Periodic Properties Essay

The halogens F, Cl, Br and I (At has not been included because of its scarcity and nuclear instability) are very reactive non-metals that occur in the penultimate group of the periodic table, hence they all require just one electron to complete their valence shell. All of the elements exists as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) in which the atoms are joined by single covalent bonds. Going down a group of the periodic table, for successive elements there are more energy levels filled with electrons, so the outer electors are in higher energy levels and farther from the nucleus. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine a liquid and iodine a solid that forms a purple vapour on heating. The halogens are all quite electronegative elements. They require just one electron to complete their valence shell, hence they readily gain electrons to form the singly charged halide ions (Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½,Clà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½,Brà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½,Ià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½). The ease with which they gain electrons gained is further from the nucleus and hence less strongly attracted. This means that, in contrast to the alkali metals, the reactivity of the halogens decreases going down the group. Method 1) Test the solubility of Iodine: 1. A very small amount of iodine was put into water, cyclohexane and KI(aq) respectively 2. The color changes of the solutions and the solubility in each solvent were recorded 2) Test iodine reacts with starch: 1. Three drops of I2-KI solution were put into a test tube 2. A few drops of starch solution were added after that 3. The color of solution was recorded 3) Test the acid-base properties: 1. A few drops of chlorine water were put in a test surface, and it was tested with universal indicator paper 2. This was repeated first using water and then using iodine solution instead of the chlorine water 3. The color changes were recorded 4) Displacements between halogen elements: 1. 2cm depth of each aqueous solution: sodium chloride, potassium bromide and potassium iodide were put into 3 respective test tubes and labeled 2. An equal volume of chlorine water was added into each test tube and the results were recorded 3. A little hexane was added to form a separate upper layer of a non-polar solvent 4. The mixtures were shook and the changes were recorded 5. Step 1, 2, 3 and 4 were repeated first using water and then iodine solution instead of chlorine water 5) Tests for halide ions [Halide ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) with silver ions]: 1. About 1cm depth of aqueous sodium chloride was put into a test tube 2. A little aqueous silver nitrate was added and then the observations were recorded 3. The test tube was placed in a sunny place, and left there for about 5 minutes and then it was observed again 4. Step 1, 2 and 3 were repeated using aqueous potassium bromide, then aqueous potassium iodide instead of sodium chloride ?Data Collection? 1) The solubility of iodine in different solvent Color Solubility Water Colorless Insoluble Cyclohexane Purple Soluble Ethanol Yellow Soluble KI(aq) Yellow-brown Soluble 2) Test iodine reacts with starch: The color of the solution is black. 3) Test the acid-base properties: Cl2 Br2 I2-KI pH value 4 3 12 4) Displacements between halogen elements: The color change of the solution after Cl2, Br2, I2 added into NaCl, KBr and KI respectively Cl2 Br2 I2 NaCl No change No change Brown KBr Pale yellow solution No change Brown KI yellow yellow Brown The color of the upper layers of the solution after hexane added Cl2 Br2 I2 NaCl No change No change Purple red KBr Pale purple No change Purple red KI purple Pale purple Purple red 5) Tests for halide ions: Halide ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) with silver ions: NaCl White precipitate is produced Darkens after it was placed in sunlight KBr Cream precipitate is produced. KI Yellow precipitate is produced. ?Data Analysis? 1) The solubility of iodine in different solvents: The solubility is larger in non-polar solvent (water, ethanol) and smaller in polar solvents.(cylohexane and KI) The purple color of iodine in cyclohexane is that because in non-polar solvents, iodine froms the violet solution. 2) Test iodine reacts with starch: According to the general knowledge we knew, the phenomenon of this reaction should be blue, but the color observed was black-green. That was because some of the starch hydrolysis in water and produced something could make the color darker. 3) Test the acid-base properties: 1. Cl2: The color of the universal indicator papers showed that Cl2 is strong acid. 2. Br2: The color of the universal indicator papers showed that Br2 is a kind of acid, but not very strong. 3. I2: The color of the universal indicator papers showed that I2 is a strong base. Actually, I2 is acid. The reason is that the original color of I2 is red-brown, that made us can’t see the phenomenon clearly. 4) Displacements between halogen elements: As what I mentioned above in background, the rule of displacements between halogen elements is that more reactive ones displace less reactive ones. That’s the reason why Br -can’t displace Cl -, and I -can’t displace Br – and Cl-. When there was no reaction between two elements, the color we observed was the blend of original colors of the less reactive element and the solution containing the more reactive element. If there’s a reaction between two elements, the color we can observe is the color of the displaced element. According to the information we got from Internet, we knew hexane is a kind of oil and is insoluble in water-solvent. That was the reason why we could differentiate the two layers of each solution very clearly. The colors of each solution’s under layer were the original colors of the saline solutions. There were two kinds of instances of the color of upper layer of each solution. For the solutions those do not have I – ion, they were colorless. That’s because hexane is colorless and cannot react with Cl – or Br -. Another instance is that the solutions include I -, when I – meets hexane, it will show the color of itself. That was why we could observe color of purple in this experiment. 5) Test for halide ions: When halide ions dissolved into silver salts, then the precipitate is appear commonly. The white precipitate is AgCl: AgNO3+NaClà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½AgCl+NaNO3 The off-white precipitate is AgBr: AgNO3+KBrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½AgBr+NaNO3 The pale yellow precipitate is AgI: AgNO3+NaIà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½AgI+NaNO3 After 10 minutes under the sunshine, photodissociation happened on all of them, so the black precipitate on the bottoms of three test tubes are the products of photodissociation. 1. Going down the group, the elements of this group have the same effective nuclear charge. Atomic radius of these elements becomes bigger because of the increase of the number of energy levels. The attraction between nucleus and valence electrons gets weaker. Less energy is required to remove the first electron from one mole of gaseous atoms. The ionization energy going down the group decreases. The ability to attract electrons becomes weaker. The electronegativity going down the group decreases. 2. Organic solvents always contain the element carbon. Inorganic solvents don’t contain the element carbon. The most common solvent, water, is an example of an inorganic solvent. There are many more organic solvents than inorganic solvents. Compare with organic and inorganic solvent, the solubility of iodine is higher in organic solvent. 3. The oxidizing power of the halogens decrease going down the group as the size of the atoms increase going down the group as the size of the atoms increases and the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons becomes less. In that case, going down the group, the elements become less powerful oxidising agents. This means that a higher halogen will displace a lower halogen from its salts. A lower halogen cannot displace a higher halogen from its salts. 4. When starch reacts with iodine, the typical blue black color will appear. That’s a good way for us to identify starch and iodine. 5. After photodissociation, the color of some precipitates will change. will become black. That’s the most obvious one. Other precipitates will become darken. 1. Because we use solid iodine in the first experiment. If we add the solvent into the test tube first, the test tube will be wet and the solid iodine we put in later will attach on the surface inside instead of fall into the liquid. For this reason we must add solid iodine first in experiment 1. 2. According to the first experiment, we found that the solubility of iodine in pure water is very low. But the solubility of iodine in potassium iodide solution is relatively much higher. So we use I2-KI solution to increase the amount of iodine in order to let the phenomenon more obvious. REFERENCE 1) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Chemistryà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(for use with the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme) [3rd Edition] First published in 2007 by IBID Press, Victoria, Page 77 to 78. 2) http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hexane.html 3) http://baike.baidu.com/view/373611.htm 4) http://baike.baidu.com/view/908645.htm

Gender Perspective Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender Perspective - Term Paper Example Most of the females limit their activities within the boundaries of their home in the past. On the other hand, men went outside for better prospects and opportunities. In other words, men got more exposure whereas women got less exposure in the past because of the different perceptions about the gender. Gender perspectives have been changed a lot today. Neither men, nor the women are satisfied by their present roles and they are trying to incorporate more dimensions to their gender roles today. Men are just beginning to realize that the traditional definition of masculinity leaves them unfulfilled and dissatisfied. While women have left the home from which they were imprisoned by the ideology of separate spheres and now seek to balance work and family lives, men continue to search for a way back into the family from which they were exiled by the same ideology (Kimmel, 2011, p.267) The advancements in science and technology brought many changes in human life and it also affected some of the traditional beliefs, customs and life philosophies. As the knowledge of the human increases, some of the established traditions of human life are also changing along with it. Current women are not ready to limit their lives within the boundaries of home alone. Today, they are demanding equality with males, not only in personal or professional life, but also in all the aspects of human life. The concepts about human sexuality were also changed a lot in the present century. Females no longer ready to act as an instrument or slave in the bedrooms, under the strict control of men. Earlier, the major duty of the females was to satisfy the males in sexual activities even if they may not derive any pleasure out of it. However, current females are not ready to obey such traditions and they are currently not ready to engage in one sided sexual activities which give happiness only to the males. In short, gender perspectives in the past, present and in future need not be the same. This paper analyses various dimensions of current gender perspectives focusing mainly on Asia, especially China. Gender roles Genetically, males and females have some differences which cannot be neglected when we decide about assuming certain duties to men and women. It is impossible for men to conceive whereas it is impossible for a woman to give birth to a child without seeking help from a male. In other words, mutual cooperation among men and women is a necessity enforced by the nature for sustaining life on earth. Risk taking attitudes are more among males because of their superior muscle power whereas females may possesses more soft skills than males. It is difficult for men to look after their children as their wives do. Traditionally or historically, males have the responsibility of finding the livelihood whereas the females have the responsibility of the development of children and home management. However, such concepts have changed a lot at present and all these responsibilitie s are shared equally by the male and female community at present. Professional life is no more limited to males and child management is no more limited to females. The gender perspective looks at the impact of gender on people's opportunities, social roles and interactions. Successful implementation of the policy, program and project goals of international and national organizations is directly affected by the impact of gender and, in turn, influences the process of social development. Gender is an integral component

Superman in Sixties and Pop Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Superman in Sixties and Pop Art - Research Paper Example Superman in the Sixties has got both pictures and texts that accompany the pictures. This has made it akin to the "narrative literary texts†. This has been one of the factors that made it popular within young and old aged people. The use of both images and texts make the comic to elaborate the happening efficiently and effectively. Superman in the Sixties is a form of comic that narrates a story to the audience. There is an interconnection of the images and the word in the book. The Superman in the Sixties as a series showcases the work of several artists in the book. The artists identified include the pencillers and the inkers and offers comparison elements with other works. The comic employs the use of speech balloon, caption, thought balloons, tier of panels, balloon tail, and sound effects among others. Furthermore, the readers can see them from the beginning to the end of the comic book. In addition, there is also use of cartooning in the book to pass the information. The authors use cartooning to give the information in relation to the characters: Jonathan and Martha, Clark, and Lana Lang among others. This made it possible to include non- diegitic symbols. There is also use of caricature in the comic book, for example, the authors describe Superman as someone with huge chest as a symbol of his strength. The comic also promotes the use of feathering in some parts. The book also entails the use of various inflicted lines in different areas of the book. There is also use of emanate in the comic book.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Term Paper Example The psychological damage resultant of uncontrollable, horrifying life events possesses a central focus of psychiatric interest within the discipline of psychology. Majority of the early psychiatrists conceived psychological trauma as the definitive source of psychopathology (Ehlers & Steil, 1995). Until recently, the consequences of certain traumas such those stemming from wars, rape, concentration camp experiences, child abuse, and civilian disasters were largely described as distinct entities; nevertheless, keen examination makes it apparent that the human response to overwhelming and uncontrollable life events is incredibly consistent, but the nature of the trauma, the victim’s age, predisposing personality, and community response all bear significant impact on the posttraumatic syndrome (Brewin & Holmes, 2003). The American Psychiatric Association clearly recognized this in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorder, 3rd edition (DSM-III) when it launched a separate division for the human response to overwhelming life events delineated as â€Å"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder† (PTSD) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Majority of the sufferers of PTSDA continues living in emotional environments of the traumatic environment with tolerating vigilance for and sensitivity towards the environmental threat. The five principal features of the human response to trauma encompass: (1) an enduring startle response and irritability; (2) proclivity to volatile bursts of aggression; (3) obsession with the trauma; (4) limitation on the overall degree of personality functioning; and, (5) unusual dream life (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In mild cases, the trauma is ultimately remedied by integration of traumatic events into the totality of the subject’s life experiences; nevertheless, in most cases, some or all the symptoms may endure during periods of later stress. The reactions can be grouped into three core

Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization - Research Paper Example It comes with a cost-benefit package (Faux, 2007). The export and the import of the nation get affected due to globalization. So, the policies previously formulated e.g. in United States hampered export. It affected the currency value of the country, the value of goods and services with job losses. The trade practice gets affected if globalization is not in the favor of the domestic country. Some restrictions are required so as to prevent the middle and the small class of the businesses to bear the heat of globalization (Imade, 2003). The products and the services sold in the global market generate foreign currency. The products and services that are availed in the domestic country of the globalized world helps in the flow of currency from own economy to the other economy. So, the balance of payment gets affected. The balance of payment shows a negative balance which implies the country is facing problem in terms of international trade. The balance of payment should be always positive or equal vent in nature so as to minimize the risk of currency value in the world economy. Globalization also gives an opportunity of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), which means inflow of foreign currencies for investment purposes through companies within the domestic country which also increases the economic strength of the nation. But also as it is foreign money, the return related to it would also be transferred to the foreign investor. Ultimately, the big corporate gets the advantage of foreign currency and grows further (Heakal, 2010). Both the transacting parties can gain absolute advantage from globalization. Specialization in terms of technology or labour gives opportunity to produce goods or services at a low cost and gets them exported. The imported goods or services come at a low cost in comparison to its manufacturing cost in the country. By this way, it is expected that the values of goods and services comes at a cheap rate. But if the policy is formulated is in

Media Convergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Media Convergence - Essay Example Or as Jenkins (2006) states, there is a cooperation between all multiple media industries, and media audiences will look for information where they can find it. This essay will look at convergence and what is meant by it, and will look, briefly, at the dangers of convergence, then will examine the Astral-Bell merger and analyze the merger from the voices of the people and the voices of the individuals who are behind the merger. Media Convergence According to Jenkins (2004) there is an inherent danger in media convergence, in that the multinational media conglomerates have the potential, and live up to this potential, to dominate every sector of the entertainment industry. Thus, the power elite had the potential to rule the airwaves, putting out its message to the masses, and the message is the message that benefits the corporations and the powerful (Brenkman, 1979). The media may be associated with large structural forces (Havens, et al., 2009). And the message may become more like p ropaganda, which makes the mass media more of a propaganda machine than a marketplace for free ideas (Murray, 2005). Giroux (2004) states that one of the dangers of media convergence, when certain corporations become too powerful, is that the message that goes out to the people is the message that benefits the corporations that own these multi-media conglomerates, which is the message of the neo-liberal – low taxes, deregulation and private enterprise is good, the opposite is bad, and an unequal distribution of wealth in society is a good thing. This is because the corporations that own these conglomerates are the very corporations that would benefit the most in this kind of society of profit above all else. Media convergence has the power to do the bidding of powerful people (Rossman, 2004), such as when Clear Channel, which is a multimedia conglomerate based in the United States, organized a boycott against the country group The Dixie Chicks, after the lead singer, Natalie Maines, told a crowd that she was embarrassed to be from the same state as George W. Bush, and Clear Channel, wanting to get favorable legislation for its plans to expand, organized the boycott to please the Bush Administration. In short, media convergence has the potential for great harm. Too much power in any one hands would cause the marketplace of ideas to falter, and the message that is disseminated will be the message that is crafted by this particular entity. It is in this context that the merger between Bell and Astral will be examined. The Bell-Astral Merger The View of the People According to Winseck (2012), the Bell-Astral merger refer to the fact that Bell is attempting to buy Astral media, and this would represent a major deal between the largest Telecom-Media-Internet conglomerate in the country, and they would have revenues of over $22 billion. Winseck (2012) states that the merger would mean that the country would have lost an independent station, which is what Astra l is, having revenues of just over $888 million in 2010. Winseck (2012) looks at this in the context of the Ronald Coase, economist, idea that the two ways of dealing with business environment uncertainties are the market and the hierarchies, and that the Bell-Astral merger would be essentially elevating the hierarchies over the markets. If the merger goes through, according to Winsec

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prison Term Policy Recommendation - Essay Example Within the next five years, it is estimated that convicted inmates will increase the prison population by two-hundred thousand. Such an unprecedented increase in a population that depends fully on government support will cost twenty-seven billion dollars on the national scale (Ohlemacher). Indeed, the nation has already a massive flux of prisoners. In the last thirty years, according to Professor Craig Haney, incarceration rates have been increased significantly in the United States (Haney 2). Such figures will only put a drain on the state's fiscal budget. Therefore, it is necessary to be highly certain of the effectiveness of a long prison term. Since nothing is absolute, and the government should not be considered a treasury for experimental endeavors, this writer remains skeptical of the situation. A perfect example of criminal activity and the penal code is that of Richard Allen Davis. According to People Weekly, Davis started his criminal career burglarizing people which further led to more violent acts such as attempted rape and murder. He has been in prison many times. He had spent at least fourteen years in prison, but he can now never harm anyone due to California's three strike's law which gives life sentences to convicts with three accounts of criminal activity (Fields-Meyer). There are two conclusions I can reach from the Davis case. The first is the fact that any amount of prison terms is in no way a guarantee that a convict will exit with rehabilitated behavior. In fact, in a review of Davis, one can almost speculate that prison makes an individual even more aggressive and effective as a criminal. My second conclusion is that no matter how ineffective prison term is, society, in general, is safe from such an individual for the time they are in prison. Thus, no one in the free society will suffer from Davis for as long as he lives. In conjunction with simple armed robbery, it is necessary to take in all aspects it contains. It is a crime not restricted to stealing the material wealth of some sort, but an offense that includes violence. The mere fact that it is armed is a signal that the offender intended to threaten death if he/she is unable to apprehend what they desire. The Republican reports an incident of a burglarized woman, "She said prior to the robbery she was not hesitant to go into a city, especially for a cultural event. Now she feels fear not only in Springfield but other cities." (Spencer) This illustrates the graphics effects a simple robbery can have on people. It is not simply a loss of wealth, but a violent and psychological offense. At the same time, however, an act of retribution against violence may not cure the problem. According to studies performed by Professor Stuart Henry, nearly seventy-five percent of inmates have committed separate crimes before their incarceration. That means three out of four prisoners were arrested at least once before. This data would suggest that prison sentences have a seventy-five percent chance of failing in rehabilitating inmates. Furthermore, it is estimated that the illiteracy rate in prison is more than double over the general population. This indicates that convicts released from prison are uneducated and may be forced into criminal activity in order to survive.

Core concepts in ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Core concepts in ethics - Essay Example There will be some practical examples which will be used to illustrate each point in order to come up with conclusions on the relative strength of each idea. Deontology V Teleology Deontology is derived from a Greek word, 'deon' which means 'duty' (Morrison, 2009 p18). As a concept in ethics, deontology is a lense through which the need to do good or the right thing can be defined. Deontology suggests that the obligation to do what is right is our duty (Lipert-Rasmussen, 2005 p15). This means that ever human being must do what has right as a matter of responsibility and not as some kind of effort to go beyond normal. What is right is a duty and everyone has to do it. On the other hand, teleology is based on the premise that â€Å"what determines rightness or wrongness is solely on the basis of the estimated outcome of the act itself† (Hitchcock et al, 2009 p142). In other words, teleology suggests that the results of a person's actions determine whether those actions are right or wrong. This means that under teleology, actions are not wrong in themselves, but their outcome is what makes them right or wrong. The supporters of the school of thought of teleology argue with the popular phrase 'the end justifies the means' (Peil, 2009 p77). On further analysis, it can be said that deontology involves a set of universal and absolute rules that people ought to follow at all costs. However, teleology involves judging actions on the basis of their outcomes rather than a set of ideal standards. In terms of similarities, the two concepts are meant to define what is right and what should guide us to measure actions (Dyer, 1988 p51). In other words, they are both interested in finding a justification of morality or the role that morality plays in the human society. Thus, for instance, we all know that lying is wrong. But what makes lying wrong? That is what both concepts attempt to answer. However, the departure point in the two concepts lies in the fact that each of the concepts provides a different explanation for each concept. Whereas deontology argues for universal and absolute concepts with two extremes either right or wrong and no in-between, teleology states that something might not be right but the end might justify it as a good thing and vice versa (Maness, 2007 p8). Using the example of lying, supporters of deontology would say that lying is wrong. The reason for telling the lie can never negate this effect. So irrespective of the reason for telling the lie, a person is guilty. On the other hand, teleology states that lying might not be right. However, there are some situations where a lie can be justified by what it brings to the world. Thus for instance we can examine the case of a married man with a sensitive position in society and teenage children who has one casual affair with another woman not his wife. If this man comes to his senses after the affair and comes to a consensual agreement with the woman he cheated with that they should not see each other again and he prepares to change his ways and a small piece of evidence comes up and he is questioned by his wife or social group, he might have two options. Option 1 will be to confess to his wife or social group and ask for forgiveness [absolutism, universalism and deontology: BECAUSE IT IS WRONG TO LIE]. Option 2 might be to weigh the consequences of telling the truth and then decide to lie if the lie will bring bigger gains to the stakeholders involved [relativism, utilitarianism and teleology] Each of the

Inter-Organizational Relationships Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Inter-Organizational Relationships - Assignment Example This proposed dissertation explores the feasible ways by which organizations with the interlocking relationships of the global economy can best respond to the challenges posed by increased business competition and complexity. It will focus on human resource management, which has assumed a new dimension because of the presence of a third party organization that can exercise control over employees of another firm. The paper will propose that in the multi-employer environment of business globalization, the best-fit or best practice objectives of HRM can be achieved by incorporating the inherent advantages of franchising in a company's HR strategies, especially in the matter of pay and reward. The present-day challenge of human resource development is to design HR practices that fit with the new business requirements or, in the words of Mohmann & Lawler (1999), to formulate practices that fit into a "dynamic, unpredictable corporation with a myriad of approaches to getting the work done." In this concern, the franchising sector provides a microcosm of the difficulties being encountered by the human resource department in working out innovative assessment systems that will demonstrate their influence over the company's bottom lines, which are profitability and shareholder value (Becker, et al., 2001). The reason is that franchise holders, especially those engaged in the sale and servicing of cars, have as many third-party partners as the existing number of automotive manufacturers who all demand a voice in deciding the franchisee's HRM practices (Swart, et al., 2002). Franchising in effect typifies the inter-organizational dependency involving human resource management and the attendant dilemma on how the HR department of a franchisee firm can implement a strategic pay-and-reward system that promotes its long-term interest without alienating its network partners. Curran & Stanworth (1983) define franchising as "a business form essentially consisting of an organization with a market-tested product or service maintaining a contractual relationship with another organization to sell the brand." In general, franchisees are self-financed and independently owned and managed small firms operating under the franchiser's brand name to produce or market goods or services according to a format specified by the franchiser. Because of the subsequent growth of this sector, the franchising outlet was later redefined as "a legally separate business entity with its own capital base, set of employees, organizational structure and specific customer relations (Stanworth & Curran, 2003)," which indicate that franchisees have become analytically independent of their franchisers. On franchising as growth sector, Floyd & Fenwick (2003) note that this business sector now accounts for over one-third of retail sales in the US and 29 percent of those in UK, thus claiming a huge proportion of the workforce of either country. The

Token Economies Essay Example for Free

Token Economies Essay A token economy is a behaviour modification program based on operant conditioning principles. Token economies are sometimes successfully used in institutional settings, such as schools and psychiatric hospitals. People receive tokens for desirable behaviours such as getting out of bed, washing and cooperating. These tokens can be exchanged for rewards such as going for leave on hospital grounds, TV-watching time or exchange in the hospital shop for cigarettes or snacks. In a study carried out by Burchard and Barrera (1972) using a token economy system designed for the rehabilitation of mildly mentally ill young boys who displayed a high frequency of anti-social behaviour. Tokens were mostly earned through achievement in the workshop and were exchanged for a variety of rewards, such as meals, recreational trips, clothes or purchases. A time-out procedure was also adopted where boys had to sit on a bench behind a partition, hence having time out from being able to receive reinforcers; also a response cost procedure was employed during which reinforcers were removed, thus tokens were removed. Time out and deprivation of tokens occurred following swearing, personal assault, property damage or other undesirable behaviour, it was found that these things repressed the boys bad behaviour, but in some boys one technique might be more effective than another. Behaviour modification is being applied to a whole variety of what are traditionally considered disturbed behaviours with good results. The main practical difficulties are being able to find suitable reinforcers and to apply the techniques constantly. Some critics have suggested that behaviour modification may succeed in changing behaviours but not the processes that underlie them, and also that it could be used to teach that behaviour which best fits the demands of the institution rather than that which is in the individuals best interest. Using a Token economy system within an institution presents many difficulties, as staff have to ensure that reinforcement and removal of tokens must be consistent and done constantly. All staff, be it day or night have to be fully involved, they also have to carry out their roles fully for such a programme to work. It only requires one staff member to fail at their task for the effectiveness of the programme to fail. Organising and carrying out such a scheme requires time and effective planning, it is an expensive and time consuming way to change behaviour, if some staff are not committed to the programme then it is likely fail. There is also no attempt to address the cause behind why the children are trouble makers, and what might be a more dignified way of helping them. Who decides what is or is not acceptable behaviour, the staff within the institution not the individual children themselves. Such a scheme could be open to unlimited abuse. It is no coincidence that in some closed environments of hospitals and homes some staff members have been caught physically and mentally abusing defenceless people, a perfect example is that of Winterbourne hospital run by the Castlebeck group which featured on BBC’s Panorama programme 31 May 2011 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20070437) a reporter went undercover and filmed shocking abuse carried out on the residents of the home. Following the investigation a number of staff have been charged and arrested for the abuse of vulnerable clients whilst in their care. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A fairly new therapy is Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Francine Shapiro in 1987, is a method that some therapists use to treat problems such as post traumatic stress disorder, panic attacks and more recently phobia’s. This treatment is a type of exposure therapy in which clients move their eyes back and forth while recalling memories that are to be desensitized. Many critics of EMDR claim that the treatment is no different from a standard exposure treatment and that the eye movements do not add to the effectiveness of the procedure. The treatment is fairly complex and includes elements from several different schools of therapy. The most unusual part of the treatment involves the therapist waving his or her fingers back and forth in front of the clients eyes, and the client tracking the movements while focusing on a traumatic event. The act of tracking while concentrating seems to allow a different level of processing to occur. The client is often able to review the event more calmly or more completely than before. Strengths of the Behaviour Approach: The major strength of the behavioural approach is that some disorders especially phobias do seem to be a result of ‘faulty learning’. The behavioural approach is better than the biological approach at explaining some disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is an anxiety disorder that occurs in response to an extreme psychological or physical experience. At least some sufferers show anxiety reactions to stimuli which were present at the time of the trauma. A main strength of the behaviourist perspective has been the development of useful applications. One strength of the behaviourist approach is that it has successfully applied classical and operant conditioning to its theories. Systematic desensitisation is based on classical conditioning and is useful for treating phobias. Another strength of the behaviourist approach is that it uses scientific methods of research, which are objective, measurable and observable, such as Banduras bobo doll study of aggression. The behavioural approach offers very practical ways of changing behaviour from for example therapies through to advertising. However at the same time this does raise an ethical issue as if the behaviourist perspective is able to control behaviour who decides which behaviour should be controlled or changed. Weaknesses of the Behaviour Approach: The behaviourist approach to understanding abnormality is very reductionist as it reduces explanations for behaviour to simple reward and punishment. While some behaviour’s such as the acquisition of phobias, may be explained this way, there are many abnormal behaviours that seem to be passed on genetically, for example alcoholism, autism and schizophrenia and so it is difficult to explain them solely in terms of classical or operant conditioning. Similarly there are many disorders, for example depression, that seem to feature abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and so a biological explanation may be more sensible than a simple behaviourist one. Behaviourism can explain the role of the media in the acquisition of certain abnormal behaviours. Anorexia has long been linked with the perfect body image as portrayed in the media. People may learn to be anorexic through social learning by observing models and actresses, reading about the diets they are on, and copying the behaviour they see. The majority of research into classical and operant conditioning has been conducted on animals. Aside from the possible ethical implications of animal research, there is also the issue of generalising findings from one species and applying them to another. Assumptions have to be made that at least some human physiology and psychology is the same as animal physiology and psychology, but clearly humans are different to animals. The behaviourist approach is extremely determinist because it states that a behaviour that has been reinforced will be carried out, and one that has been punished will not be carried out. However, humans clearly have a degree of free will and are able to decide when to carry out some behaviours and when to resist them. Cognitive theories of behaviour try to account for free will and decision making, and so it may be better to combine behaviourist and cognitive approaches when trying to explain abnormal behaviour. A further problem with the behavioural perspective is that many of the practical uses of the approach such as aversion therapy and token economy systems when used as a way of changing behaviour do tend to be short lived. That is, they do change behaviour but often only for a limited time. The behaviourist model also struggles to explain why we acquire phobias for some objects or events quicker than others. In a modern world, fast cars, wintery conditions and using a mobile whilst crossing the road are far more threatening than spiders and snakes but we don’t develop car phobia. The Biological Model: The biological model aims to explain all behaviour and experience in terms of physical bodily processes. For example, when you feel stressed this usually involves a sensation of your heart pounding, your palms being sweaty and so on. These are physical symptoms created by activation of the nervous system. Your experience of stress is caused by the biological processes involved. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, containing about 12 billion nerve cells or neurons. It explains behaviour in terms of the following assumptions: 1. Different areas of the brain are specialised for certain functions, the cerebral cortex covers the surface of the brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes with the most important being the frontal cortex or lobe, responsible for à ¯Ã‚ ¬ne motor movement and thinking. Other lobes include the occipital lobe, which is associated with vision. Underneath the cortex there are various sub cortical structures such as the hypothalamus which integrates the autonomic nervous system and plays a part in stress and emotion. 2. Neurons are electrically excitable cells that form the basis of the nervous system. The à ¯Ã‚ ¬exibility of the nervous system is enhanced by having many branches at the end of each neuron called dendrites, so that each neuron connects with many others. One neuron communicates with another neuron at a synapse, where the message is relayed by chemical messengers or neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic vesicles in one neuron, and will either stimulate or inhibit receptors in the other neuron. The synaptic cleft or gap is about 20 nanometres wide. Some common neurotransmitters are dopamine which is associated with rewards and also schizophrenia, serotonin associated with sleep and arousal, adrenaline associated arousal and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) which decreases anxiety. 3. Hormones are biochemical substances that are produced in one part of the body (endocrine glands such as the pituitary and adrenal glands) and circulate in the blood, having an effect on target organ(s). They are produced in large quantities but disappear very quickly. Their effects are slow in comparison with the nervous system, but very powerful. Examples of hormones include testosterone (a male hormone) and oestrogen (female hormone). Some hormones such as adrenaline are also neurotransmitters. The biological approach has become the most widely used form of treating mental illness since the 1960’s. The biological model takes the same approach as it does for physical ailments, and assumes that psychological problems have a physical cause such as genetics where the patient may have inherited the illness from his parents or run in the family, possibly through a rouge or bad gene. The model takes the approach as with other illnesses that physical intervention will be required be it chemotherapy (drug therapy), ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) and previously surgery to treat psychological issues. Although the biological model focuses on internal, biological processes, it does not ignore the possibility that the environment can have a role to play in abnormality. Biological Therapies: Biomedical therapies include chemotherapy (drug therapy), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and psychosurgery.  Chemotherapy (drug treatment):  The most widely used form of treatment available under biological therapies is chemotherapy (drugs) with almost 25% of NHS prescriptions being for drugs to treat mental disorders in the United Kingdom. It aims to treat psychological disorders with medications and is usually combined with other kinds of psychotherapy. The main categories of drugs used to treat psychological disorders are antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

Analysing The Effects Of Overpopulation In Developing Countries Politics Essay

Analysing The Effects Of Overpopulation In Developing Countries Politics Essay Over population has been identified as one of the major reasons for the poverty that thrives in many developing countries including India, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia amongst others. These countries have high birth rates with inadequate resources to support their growing populace. To some extent they would be a living justification of Thomas Malthus statement that the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. In this essay, I seek to give an in depth explanation of Malthus principles on population growth and food production and further draw up the relationship between these principles and some of the developing countries of the 21th century. The underlying basis for Malthus principle is that population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio   [i]  in lay mans terms this would mean that human beings become double their number in a particular period while food production only increases a unit more in that same period. The law of diminishing returns would support his claim, in that as more of a variable factor, which is labour, is employed on a fixed factor, which is land, total production increases to a point and then starts to decrease.  [ii]  He insinuates that if this occurs for a long period of time, there will be many people chasing fewer goods and this will cause prices of goods to increase unduly. Further, the supply of labour will exceed its demand as more people are fighting for few jobs on the market, as such wage rates decrease to a large extent. In these cases the lower classes always suffer most. According to Malthus, even if we assume that diminishing returns never sets in and the land produces the same amount of output year after year, man would still have to face this dreadful phenomena. He believes that though humans hold the power to reason, it is still inherent in their nature to reproduce constantly. However, according to him misery is the check that represses the superior power of population and keeps its effects equal to the means of subsistence.  [iii]  The Malthusian theory holds that there are natural checks on overpopulation. Some are natural causes like miscarriages, earthquakes and famine while others include vice and are due to mans struggle for survival. The latter is quite similar to Charles Darwins theory on the survival of the fittest.  [iv]   In a bid to stay alive human beings resort to wars of conquest and expansion, killing many others in the process .Malthus conclusive belief was that if population growth was not checked there would soon be a sort of world famine, where a huge percentage of the worlds population would have no food to eat. Thus man should minimize reproduction through means such as abstaining from sex. Today, Malthus has been criticized by many for putting forth a theory which has been proven wrong. This is because although the population of the world was about 6,790,062,216 in the year 2009  [v]  , a fair number of countries are still able to cater for themselves. Countries like the United Sates are facing the health hazard of obesity resulting from having too much food to eat.  [vi]  However, for others, this is not so. Malthus predictions of a population boom in relation to food availability is especially proven in the case third world countries, most of which appear to be producing food at a subsistence level. They have not adopted mechanized methods of farming and produce on a very small scale. The farmers who represent a large portion of the the populace in these countries are very poor and consequently produce low yields.  [vii]  This would explain why they cannot produce food for themselves, and have to import large amounts of foreign goods into their lands. The reasons for the adaptation of these systems of agriculture vary in different countries. Under President Mugabes government, Zimbabwe has a poor land tenure system where the government, instead of farmers owns the land on which they farm on. This makes it difficult for farmers to expand their farm lands and. Poverty also rules supreme among the indigenous population, poor farmers therefore have to turn to subsistence farming,  [vi ii]  i.e. farming to feed themselves their families and probably leave a few crops to barter with other famers and a little to sow during the following planting season. Due the fact that, production is not stable coupled with the land tenure system i.e. (lands in Zimbabwe are owned solely by the government); banks in Zimbabwe are reluctant to give out loans out to farmers  [ix]  . The problem with Africas subsistence farming culture has to do with irrigation and funding  [x]  . The issue of irrigation has to do with the climate of Africa. Africa has two main seasons. The rainy season and the dry season. These two seasons are annual. Therefore farmers predicting the weather cultivate their lands in the late dry season and wait for the rainy season to irrigate their crops. Now, most at times the rains starts unevenly i.e. it doesnt always start on time. Some farmers therefore lose their full crop yield. Others lose their harvests completely. Generally, there is no artificial irrigation in most developing communities. Countries like Ethiopia, which have huge geographic desert patches have an even worse problem of having little arable land  [xi]  . This situation is a climatic situation, a natural phenomenon. Fertility rates definitely continue to rise, causing an increasing growth to the population; most developing countries produce more mouths than they can feed. The Alan Guttmacher Institute in the United States conducted a research which proved that countries which provided free or cheap contraceptive services at cheap rates or without charge, tended to have lower birth rates. They also realized that instances of teenage pregnancy were less among countries who engaged in early sex education of their children  [xii]  . The population of Ethiopia for instance, increased from 12 million in 1900 to 73 million in 2005.  [xiii]  Obviously, a lot of people in developing countries remain ignorant of the negative implications of overpopulation to a nation and the few that know disregard this notion. Some believe children are a blessing from God, and will reject any ideology that prevents them from procreating. In some African countries for instance, a mans status is heightened by the n umber of children, especially males, he can produce. . Though these measures are not as extreme as abstaining from sex and other measures Malthus puts forward for reducing population growth, Governments some developing countries, like Ghana, have tried to introduce policies to check this such as Family planning and sex education  [xiv]  . One of the checks on population according to the Malthusian principles is miscarriages. However due to improved healthcare systems this is greatly curbed in a lot of developing nations and does not restrict population expansion. Developing countries have had a high price to pay for the amalgamation of increase population growth and low agricultural production. Just as Malthus predicted, there is a synonymous increase in the unemployed population, eventually creating rising inflation. The compiled inflation rate, for instance in Zimbabwe, between 1997 and 2007 was 38%  [xv]  .This further creates a high standard of living, because there are many people fighting to survive on fewer goods. Subsequently, the employment rates start to decrease alarmingly. This is due to the fact that there are more people offering their services for fewer jobs. Not everyone can be employed. Also wage rates are reduced and for the same number of working hours, employees are paid a lot less. Hence the need for governments to introduce a minimum wage i.e. the lowest possible wage an employee can be paid  [xvi]  . However, in some cases, because the people are desperate for jobs, they are willing to be cheated by employers, j ust to hold on to a lifeline of survival. Obviously, should the population in Zimbabwe continue to increase to relatively high figures, coupled with the present unemployment figures, of food shortages will occur. The trend that Zimbabwe faces is similar to what many developing countries face. Malthus theory is therefore a definite blue print for a third world economy The Director- General of FAO predicted in 1987, that the year 2010 would see an improvement in agriculture; he however stated that it would have little effect on places like sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. He thus urged the world to brace itself to come to the aid of these countries when necessary.  [xvii]  It may be argued that countries like China have an even greater population and yet do not face food shortages, but the difference is clear. The Chinese are a highly industrious people. Their governments interests are channeled toward industrialization and infrastructure development. Most of their farmers are paddy rice farmers  [xviii]  , who have the advantage of farming in two advantages areas, the water logged lowland paddies and the hillside highland ridges  [xix]  . The Chinese also have the advantage of being in a temperate climatic zone, enjoying four seasons winter which is useless to farmers, spring, summer and autumn which are farming friendly  [xx]   . Artificial irrigation measures are also available in certain areas, i.e. both mechanical and locally improvised. The mechanized farming used by Chinese farmers irrefutably makes them more productive. The Chinese government in their own way has discovered the practicality of Malthus theory i.e. the possibility of overpopulation causing food shortages. In their bid to curb this problem, they have issued legislative laws that, limit child birth to one child per family  [xxi]  . Elaborating on this conclusion, it can be realized that Malthus theory works very well in third world where lack of mechanization and funding creates deficiencies in farming. Countries like China, however, due to mechanization, climatic conditions and artificial irrigation structures enable their farmers to meet the countrys food production needs. Developing countries should follow this example to emerge from the poverty that is gradually sucking them in. Improved farming techniques as well as reduced birth rates are the way forward for the developing world.

Concrete: Advantages And Disadvantages

Concrete: Advantages And Disadvantages In this era which we live in, there are more than 7 billion (1) people on Earth and its resources are limited and quickly depleting. As a response to this high demand and burden on the Earths precious goods, there has been a green movement. Governments and companies are implementing laws and constantly looking for ways to be more efficient and conserve whatever little we have at our disposal. In the light of all this innovative research and as university students studying environmental engineering, concrete evolution has sparked our interest. Concrete is very much a large part of the environment, being one of the most widely used materials in construction, concrete is virtually everywhere. Its high durability and versatility has made it superior to all other building materials however there are some downsides to concrete that has made it a threat to the environment, mainly the greenhouse gas emissions that come with making cement. The cement manufacturing industry is under increasing pressure to reduce these emissions due to the fact that it releases a lot of gases, namely carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. The real struggle is to find ways to produce a concrete that is environmentally safe, without losing the integrity of the concretes durability and reliability. In this paper, the making of concrete and its advantages and disadvantages will be discussed, alongside some different alternatives that have been implemented at present time to deal with energy efficiency and environmental security. Economic and social effects are also looked at and discussed. The main alternatives in focus are; the use of chemical admixtures, recycled concrete materials and fuel alternatives for the kiln. Kiln and Efficiency The most energy consuming part of the cement making process is the burning of the mixture of the constituent parts of cement within the kiln. A large amount of emissions is released by the fossil fuels used to heat the kiln up and the chemical reactions that take place within the kiln itself. A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber or oven, in which a controlled temperature is maintained and kilns used for making cement get to temperatures of about 1500 degrees Celsius (2). In order to get to these temperatures, large quantities of coal are burned to generate the energy needed for the kiln. Coal is the primary fuel burned in cement kilns, however, the use of alternative fuels in cement kilns is now common and increasing. This high energy consumption however leads to high carbon emissions, about 7% of the worlds total carbon emissions. Cement production is an energy-intensive process consuming thermal energy of the order of 3.3 GJ/tonne of clinker produced. Electrical energy consumption is about 90 120 kWh/tonne of cement.(3) These are the reasons why more efficient fuel alternatives are being investigated to firstly help improve the quality of air we breathe and secondly protect the earth from adverse conditions that come with too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are two types of kilns being put to use, one utilizing a wet process and the other dry. The wet process is the older method and involves a slurry mixture of water and the cement ingredients being transferred to the kiln. The wet process however uses a lot of energy and therefore the modern dry process is more commonly used. It uses the dry ingredients blended together and then transferred to the kiln, the only disadvantage it that a lot of dust is released. Both diagrams below will illustrate the the cement making process and more importantly the two different kinds of kilns. Material Science According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, material science is the scientific study of the properties and applications of materials of construction or manufacture (as ceramics, metals, polymers, and composites).(5) The concise encyclopedia further explains how material science goes into how the properties of different materials depend on their composition such as atomic mass and electron configuration.(5) It also points out the importance of material science to engineers of all disciplines as they need to know as much as possible about different materials in order to come up with designs and fix problems in their respective fields. With a sound knowledge of materials and their properties, they can be manipulated in any way necessary to be an asset to us. In our case, understanding the chemical reactions that take place in concrete will help to understand why the methods chosen have been picked in the first place to help rectify any problems. From the manufacturing of the cement in the kiln to the demolition of concrete structures, knowing and understanding the reason behind different aspects surrounding the whole concrete process is very beneficial in finding alternatives to make it more environmentally safe and efficient. Alternative Fuels Fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, have been used as energy sources in the cement manufacturing industry for decades. In more recent years, these traditional fuel sources have become increasingly substituted with alternative fuels typically of waste sources such as municipal solid waste, scrap tires, waste wood, agricultural biomass, meat and bone meal, and petroleum coke. The list of candidate materials is continuously expanding and regulatory pressures, economic factors and the fact that we are running out of landfill space are all reasons why these alternative fuels are continuously sought for and studied. Alternative fuels used today in cement manufacturing and the different potential alternative fuels differ considerably from the traditional fuels, and the cement manufacturing industry is faced with several challenges in making the switch from traditional to alternative fuels. Some of these challenges include, inadequate heat distribution, blockages in the preheater cyclones, unstable precalciner function, higher SO2, NOx, and CO emissions, congestion in the kiln riser ducts and dusty kilns (6). Furthermore, due to the fact that the cement industry is strictly regulated by national and international legislation for environmental related issues, health and safety of practices, and the quality of cement produced, special approval is required for the use alternative fuel since they all different and can potentially introduce harmful environmental effects or affect the quality of the cement. The type of combustion implemented, which is determined by the type of fuel used can have a direc t affect on the composition and characteristics of the output product, and the function of the kiln as different manufacturing plants may differ in their design. A common practice in cement manufacture is the addition of the ash produced by the fuels, which are comprised of compounds containing silica and alumina, into the clinker (6). The composition of the fuel ash created by different fuels can determine in which proportions an alternative fuel can substitute a conventional fuel, for example some can yield silica rich fuel ash which can later reduce the amount of ground sand needed as a raw material to make cement. Moreover, the inclusion of constituents that can have a deleterious effect on concrete performance must be controlled, since this can happen even at very small concentrations. An example of this would be alkalis such as potassium oxide and sodium oxide, which can in the presence of moisture can cause reactions in concrete called ACR and ASR which can cause cracking in the structure. These alkalis can also react with SO3 to form alkali sulphates, which can affect the reactivity of the cement with aggregates, resulting in hardenin g problems (6). Therefore, the inclusion of alkalis from the kiln system should be minimized. In certain kilns that have preheaters, the use of alternative fuels can lead to the volatilization of certain molecules they introduce, which can lead to their subsequent recirculation in increasingly higher loads. Their recirculating can lead to their condensation in cooler areas, binding to circulating dust particles and can potentially cause blockages, thereby affecting the heat-exchange system. Some of these molecules are sodium oxide, potassium oxide, alkali sulphates, and chlorine, which not only are responsible for deposits, preheater blockages, and kiln rings but can also affect the quality of the cement produced if they are retained to some proportions(6). Petroleum coke or petcoke is a solid residue from the crude oil refineries. It is considered a low volatile fuel with a typical volatile content of 5-15 %. The fact that its volatile content is low means that it has a low reactivity / burning rate and therefore is not possible to burn 100% petcoke in kiln or precalciner without using other high volatile fuels along with it (6). Consequently, this alternative fuel requires finer grinding and is pushing new kiln designs into the market to allow for their complete burning. Another negative is the fact that it has a high sulphur and vanadium content. This can result in increasing the sulphur circulation in the kiln and precalciners and as mentioned before causing build-ups and blockages, and increasing sulphur dioxide emissions. Sulphur contamination of the cement can cause cracking and high vanadium content can cause reduce the strength of concrete (6). A 0.2 percent addition is reported to lead to a 10 percent reduction in 28-day stren gth of cement. However, due to low ash content of petcoke such high contents of vanadium in cement are unlikely (6). This is an attractive fuel as it has a high calorific content and relatively less expensive than coal and other fossil fuel conventionally used. Sewage Sludge is generated from wastewater treatment from industrial, residential, commercial, and institutional sources. Sewage sludge is usually disposed of by throwing it in the sea, its use as fertilizer, its incineration, or it is dumped in a landfill. Due to stricter environmental specifications associated with its disposal, the possible health and environmental risks in using it as a fertilizer and the increasing cost for its disposal in landfills, its use as an alternative fuel in cement manufacture is becoming more attractive. The organic components of the sludge are entirely destroyed when it is burned as fuel and the inorganic components and heavy metals are combined and included in the final product. The sulphur content of sludge is not greater than coal so it does not pose a major concern in comparison, and although it has higher nitrogen content the nitrogen oxide emissions are lower than when fossil fuels are burned (7). However, there are higher contents of volatile c ontent, ash, and low fixed carbon compared to coals. Sludge usually requires pretreatment before it can be used as a fuel and has to be burned in controlled conditions as with most alternative fuels. Using sludge is also attractive economically, as it resulted in an increase in return when used instead of fossil fuels, in spite of its lower energy content than coal and the fact that it needs to be stored in special silos in order to avoid contamination (7). Its storage and handling and reduction of water content are the most difficult part of its use as a fuel, however it is definitely a far better option than use of non-renewable resources since it is widely available and a nuisance to dispose of. The use of sludge as a fuel source cannot have much of a social impact other than perhaps peoples perception of it, some may regard it as a better option than incinerating sludge which forms poisonous by-products, while others may be bothered by its use in anything else. Scrap tires have become utilized as an alternative source of fuel for various parts of the developed world instead of fossil fuels in many industries including cement manufacture. When tires are burned the rubber is completely destroyed and the inorganic component and heavy metals are included in the cement product. Different cases present different conclusions about the emission of SO2 and NOx, which may suggest that it depends on the kiln system and the burning process implemented. However, two Portland Cement Association (PCA) reports (2008, 2009) found that nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, and particulate emissions were reduced when scrap tires substituted a portion of the conventional fuels (7). Heavy metal, dioxins and furan emissions showed different results in different studies however, again Portland Cement Association studies collected data from 31 cement plants that used tire as fuel and found a significant reduction in the emissions of dioxins and furans (7) . Some problems with tire derived fuel is incomplete combustion and zinc oxide present at concentrations that may be detrimental to the quality of the cement. Overall, the use of tires as fuel is an environmentally, and economically sound option compared to other end-of life alternatives of tires and the use of 100% fossil fuel. Tires have a higher energy content than coal and allow for savings in the purchase of coal. Another source of fuel being used is agricultural biomass, which includes all forms of biomass not included in the categories of meat and bone meal, or sewage sludge. Some common sources are rice and coffee bean husks, palm kernels, algae, and cottonseed oils. The use of agricultural biomass has been proven to be an effective way to reduce greenhouse gases and the dependency for fossil fuel (7). Furthermore, its been determined to have low SO2 emissions, low dioxin and furan emissions, and very low heavy metal emissions. Biomass in the form of waste from industrial or agricultural processes is less expensive than fossil fuels, and therefore its use would reduce operational costs. However, equipment specific to the processing of biomass may be needed and may incur additional costs. Also, supply seems to be a major concern, a continuous supply may be difficult to achieve. Socially it can be beneficial to some agricultural communities, allowing them to make an additional income from sel ling their agricultural by-products (7). Finally the last alternative fuel to be discussed is the meat and bone meal (MBM), a by-product of the rendering and food industries. Their co-incineration with fossil fuels in cement kiln systems has become a common way for their elimination. MBM has a lower fixed carbon and high ash content and high levels of phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium and chlorine (7). Due to the fact that chlorides can volatilize and condense at high temperatures in the kiln and can react with alkalis and sulphates to form compounds with low melting points, which can lead to their recirculation and condensation. As mentioned earlier this can can have harmful effects on the production process and cement produced . Consequently the MBM used as substituted fuel and the compounds introduced into the cement needs to be controlled and monitored. The sulphur content, on the other hand, is a little lower than can be found in coal, and the high calcium content in MBM can help retain most of the SO2 released f rom its combustion (7). The use of MBM in cement production reduces CO2 emissions, SO2 emissions, and introduces a safe and environmentally friendly way to disposing of them. And as with the previous alternative fuels mentioned, it reduces the demand for landfills and their associated environmental and health risks. In summary the cement kiln provides numerous advantages over other end-of life alternatives for much of these wastes. The high temperatures, oxygen rich environment, and adequate residence time provided by the kiln system allows for the complete destruction of the organic material. Also, aside from being able to process a wide range of waste materials, since the ash is incorporated into the final product there is no additional waste to manage from the use of these wastes. However, these alternative fuels are derived from selected waste streams and usually require some level of pretreatment, such as the shredding of tires, drying of sewage sludge and reducing its pathogen levels, etc. This is a extra investment of time and money that the cement manufacturers will need to take on as the pretreatment of these wastes is an integral part of their recovery and in most cases is taken care of externally by waste treatment experts or outside suppliers. Despite, these extra costs for the prepr ocessing of these wastes, the cement manufacturers are expected to make a larger return on this investment in comparison to the purchase of fossil fuels. Also, the use of these wastes as fuels would create a market for these them in neighboring communities, which will help reduce the number of operating landfills and put to use the calorific value in these wastes rather than have them wasted. The burning of carbon neutral wastes which include agricultural biomass, municipal waste, animal waste and paper waste are considered as GHG sinks since they would otherwise decay in landfills and form methane which is a more harmful GHG than CO2 (8). Other wastes that are derived from fossil fuels such as tires, are not carbon neutral, however burning them in cement kilns rather than incinerating them, which also induces GHG emissions, can result in significant CO2 reductions. Although the kiln emerging technologies and their capacities to process these fuels was not discussed, since it is too broad of a subject to cover and is not the main purpose of this paper, it is understood that some alterations to tradition kiln systems is required to adapt to the different combustion of these fuels. An example of these changes is features such as a multi-channel burner design and thermograph systems which allow for the control of the flame and optimize burning of different fuels (10). There are also different mathematical models, which look at which combination of alternative fuels in which proportions can produce optimal burning conditions (11). There has been much progress over the years in the substitution of fossil fuels in cement kilns, especially in the EU where substitution rates are much higher than in North America, however, there is much more work that needs to be done in the evolution of the cement industry towards greener and more sustainable practices. Advanced Chemical Admixtures Our society relies greatly on building materials, concrete being one of the oldest, and most important of those materials. Concrete is a combination of 60% to 75% aggregates and 25% to 40% paste. The paste is comprised of 7% to 15% cement, 4% to 8% of air content, and 14% to 21% water (15). Although paste only contribute less than 40% of concrete, the components greatly affects the overall quality. An example is with the reduction of water to cement ratio, and in turn increases the compressive and flexural strength, increases resistance to weathering reduces shrinkage and cracking, and lowers permeability. To achieve these characteristics in concrete, engineers came up with admixtures, an important ingredients used when the goals are to reduce the cost of concrete, maintaining the quality of concrete during the different stages of its production, basically to achieve desirable properties of concrete. Admixtures are classified under the following; Air-entraining mixtures, water reduci ng admixtures, plasticizers, accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures, corrosion inhibitors, etc. Superplasticiser/High range water reduction is made up of synthetic polymers, which are admixtures that increase slump flow, essentially used for low to normal slump and water-cement ratio. The use of superplascticiser not only brings the water-cement ratio down, but it drastically increases the workability, as well as increasing the strength at an early stage up to 200% within 16 hrs (13) . A great example of a new and innovative plasticizing admixture is Glenium SKY. The third generation high range water reducer or superplasticizer also known as Glenium was introduced in the 1990s. Glenium is a polycarboxylic ether polymer, that attracts entrringite molecules, through a static electric charge. This entrringite provides a protective barrier around the surface of cement particle, which prevents hydration and crystallization. In September 2003 Glenium SKY (Synthesis of Key performance and Yield) was introduced. This new superplasticizer was developed for ready mixed concrete, concrete that contains high performance quality from the production to the usage. Unlike the other types of Glenium; Glenium 21 and Glenium 27 , Figure 1 Glenium SKY, new chemical monomers controls the rate in which the entrringite molecules cover the cement molecules. Therefore the cement molecules are not completely covered, which allows the crystallization to take place at a slower rate, and accelerated strength at an early stage without compromising the consistency. Glenium SKY was tested against Glenium 27, it is noticeable from the table below that Glenium needing less water and lower cement-water ratio, but still was a able to produce a more consistent slump and greater strength according to the test results in table 1. Within 90 min, the slump dropped only by 2 mm. The usage of Glenium SKY benefits socially, economically, and environmentally. With the increase in workability, decrease in water-cement ratio, and high early strength, allows the most optimum concrete design which in turns have a positive effect on the economical aspect The definition of sustainability means to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their need (15). Sustainability is achieved when these 3 factors are properly balanced, economy, social, and environmental. It is evident that the addition of the superplasticiser used in concrete mix designs will help to achieve environmental sustainability. The concrete industrys main goal is to produce a superior material with a positive impact to the environment. This super-plasticiser or high range water reducer will decrease the water-cemnet ratio, meaning less cement needed as well as water. Water usage can be reduced from 10% to over 30%. A 10% reduction is equivalent to 600 000 tonnes of water saved annually (14). Not only are the usage of water is reduced but also other environmental factors. Analyzing the effects of the super-plasticiser shows a generally positive effect on the environment. Figures 3 and 4, shows 2 concrete structures impact on the environment with the addition of super-plasticiser in relation with the structures without the admixture. For the flat Slab concrete, adding the super-plasticiser admixture decreases these negative impacts by a great margin. It is evident that the total energy requirement is reduced by 8%, the toxic impact on human health is reduced by 10 %, the acidifying pollutants is reduced by 8%, and the CO2 is reduced to almost 20%. However, using this admixture, there is an increase in chemical waste, the values have been normalized to 100% for the control, which means the increase of the non-hazardous chemical wastes will only increase by 1% (13). Overall for this cement mix the superplasticier admixture is beneficial because it decreases major negative impacts such as abiotic depletion and eootox sediment by 3% and another 3 categorie s by over 10%. The effect of the admixtures vary depending on the different type of mixes and their purpose. The concrete mix for a precast wall unit was also analyzed using these admixtures. Based on that analysis we can conclude that this admixture has the desired effect by decreasing the energy by 10% by volume of concrete. As with the previous concrete mix the superplasticiser has a greater impact on a number of impacts. While there is an increase in chemical waste by 10% by volume of control concrete the decrease in energy is of 20%. This outweighs the negative of this admixture. Overall the super-plasticiser admixture has a great effect on a number of impacts but also a negative impact on chemical waste. Figure 3 and 4 compare the strength with and without the admixture versus the energy and climate change. It is evident that the super-plasticiser are effective in reducing the CO2 emissions and the energy consumption. A cement mix with this superplasticiser admixture will have a positive overall effect and has very beneficial impact on the environment. The use of this super-plasticiser admixture in concrete mixes allows for social sustainability. As previously stated before, with the addition of this admixture, concrete mix can be made to have a higher strength. An increase in the strength of the concrete will result in a more durable material, and a longer life expectancy. With concrete having higher strength and a longer life, maintaining these structures will be reduced especially within major highways and roadways within a city. Traffic congestions greatly impacts our lives, career, and safety. By reducing the amount of traffic will allow a better quality of life. In central Ontario alone, there are 11 zones where major structures are being repaired and maintained. On the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) near Hamilton, a $7.3 million dollar contract has been approved for the structural rehabilitation (14). According to the traffic reports, the QEW Burlington Skyway Bridge, the Millen and Fifty Road structures and glover road will be u nder construction, which means a delay up to 30 minutes (14). The 30 minute construction delay with the addition of bottlenecked areas, and overcrowded vehicles can increase the delay to be even longer than 30 minutes. Lets say 30 minutes delay for construction, and because of a large amount of the population commute to the city of Toronto for work, another 10 minutes due to vehicles overcrowding the roads. We have a total of 40 minutes delay, and a total of 80 minutes delay a day, which comes up to 6400 minutes or 106.6 hours in traffic until this specific project is completed in 4 months. These delays will cause people to be late for work, school, or other commitments, which can lead to stress, and road safety. By producing an optimal concrete design using a super-plasticiser such as Glenium SKY, we can increase the strength and life expectancy of the structure, which will reduce traffic caused by maintenance and repair, and create a more socially sustainable environment. Reaching economic sustainability is just as important as social and environmental sustainability. With the increase in workability, decrease in water-cement ratio, and high early strength, allows the most optimum concrete design which in turns will help to achieve economical sustainability. The increase in workability allows proper installation into areas of low clearance, underwater placements, and areas where consolidating methods cannot be used. Which means savings on equipment, transportation, and time. When mix designing, with the addition of Glenium SKY admixture, the water-cement ratio is decreased, which results in a smaller amount of water and cement needed. Economically, this is a positive result, not only does it reduce the cost of the amount of cement needed it also reduces energy cost. According to the Ministry of Transportation, Ontario is increasing driver and vehicle fees in order to maintain bridges and roads. The price of maintenance has increased. Consequently this increases taxes and other fees. Using this admixture the amount of maintenance required can be reduced, with increase in tax will not be necessary. Recycled Concrete Concrete as one of the mostly used building materials when produced and transported creates a lot of CO2 and when disposed generates a huge amount of waste; therefore it causes a lot of concerns for environmental activists. In order to address these environmental issues, it is necessary to recycle the concrete when demolishing buildings built using concrete. Also reuse of this construction waste is important in terms of life Cycle Assessment that is the standard method of evaluating environmental impacts associated with different stage of products life, which includes recycling (22). There are 3 basic concepts to promote the proper reuse of the construction waste, (A) assurance of safety and quality, (B) decrease of environmental impact, and (C) increase of cost effectiveness of construction. In this paper we focus on some benefits of proper recycling of concrete for the environment. First, we are going to address some of the main environmental problems with concrete. Concrete production emits huge amount of CO2, which is the main issue of this industry that leads into global warming. Up to 8% of all the CO2 produced in the world comes from concrete production. Using recycled concrete can dramatically reduce the amount of emitted CO2 and fight against global warming. Nitrous oxide emission and other articulated air emissions on one hand, and on the other hand the traffic congestion caused by delivery of the ready concrete wastes a lot of energy and cause air pollution. Water pollution and adverse effects of concrete on health are among the other problems that make concrete recycling more essential. (19) In the past, the resulting concrete from demolishing the buildings was released in the environment which had enormous negative impacts. Conventionally recycling concrete has been considered as a difficult task, however recycling technology has been improved and now it has become a feasible technology. Recycling concrete has become a simple process that involves breaking the concrete pavements, removing them from the sites to the recycling machines that can be also installed near the construction sites and finally crushing the concrete into pieces that can vary in quality and size. (18) Furthermore, recycling technology has reached the stage that can prepare the recycled concrete to produce superior recycled aggregate for structural concrete. Recycled concrete has become one of the best construction materials as it is stronger than new concrete. There are only few restrictions on the type of concrete that can be used as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) (20). Recycling now has become more common method of developing the waste produced by demolishing or renovating the structures made of concrete rather than transferring them by truck and leaving them in landfill. Environmental awareness and also the desire of contractors to keep construction costs as low as possible, has made concrete recycling an attractive proposal in any construction project involving concrete. Unlike most of the materials, such as, glass, bottles or metals that can be reused to produce the same material, once concrete has been made from cement, it cannot be decomposed to its initial component of sand, cement and water. However, Crushed concrete can be combined with virgin aggregate in producing concrete. (17) It is important to develop standardized guidelines to create new materials. These standards are needed for quality control of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), and the correct use of this recycled materials to produce new concrete. Recycling can reduce the amount of waste concrete that must be landfilled so it saves landfill space by keeping the waste concrete out of landfill. In addition, it reduces the need of virgin aggregates which help to cuts the negative environmental issues of extraction process. Recycled concrete can be used as gravel and it reduces the need for gravel mining. Another positive impact of recycling is the reduction of transportation requirements to transfer the new material to the construction sites, which in turn can reduce air and water pollution significantly and also decrease the greenhouse emission. One of the most important environmental advantages of concrete recycling rather than leaving the concrete in the landfill and buying the new material is to save up to 1,360 gallons water by recycling one ton of concrete. Using developed recycling system, to recycle the concrete waste produced from demolishing structures or roadways, can reduce t

Saint Bernadette Soubirous :: essays research papers

Saint Bernadette Soubirous The Soubirous family lived in the far north of the little town of Lourdes, in the Lapaca district. A large stream flowed there, and on this stream there were seven mills; one of them known as the Boly Mill, and this had been the residence of the Soubirous. Francois Soubirous leased the mill from relatives of his wife, Louise. In many ways, it was the trade of the miller that had brought the couple together. They had married on the parish church on 9th January 1843. By 1855, the family income had decreased drastically - trade was not good at the mill, and the Soubirous were not the best of business people; often filled with pity for the poor of the local people, they would tell their customers to pay when they were able to, and they never refused credit. And of course there was the family to raise, which further drained their resources. No longer being able to pay for the rent of the mill, the Soubirous were forced to quit their dwellings, give up the millers trade and take on whatever work they could find for themselves. Francois Soubirous recalled that another relative owned a building in the Rue des Petits Fossà ©s - this building was the former Lourdes jail. The old jail was locally known as "the Cachot". The Soubirous were allowed to remain there rent-free. Each evening, the family gathered around the old fireplace for family prayers. This concluded with the recitation of the Rosary - often led by one of the Soubirous girls, Bernadette. BERNADETTE The marriage of Francois Soubirous and Louise Casterot produced six children. The eldest of these was Bernadette. She was born on 7th January 1844, and was baptized the next day by Abbà © Forgues in the old parish church, being given the name of Marie Bernarde. Because of her small stature, she was always referred to by the diminutive form of the name, Bernadette. Six months later, Louise was expecting a child; because of this, Bernadette was entrusted to the care of a woman in near-by Bartres, Marie Aravant, who had just lost a baby boy. She stayed there for 15 months. From her birth, Bernadette was a weak child, suffering even then from the asthma which would cause her so much suffering that later, in the convent, she would beg the nurses to tear open her chest so that she might breathe. Because of her delicate constitution, her parents would attempt to give her little bits of food not available to the other children, such as white bread instead of black.

Essay --

Abe Lincoln was Americas 16th president. He had served from 1861-1865 he had a vice president his name was Hannibal Hamlin. He had supported the Republican Party. Which means he believed each person is responsible for his/her own rights in society. Abe was 52 at the start of his presidency. Abe had little to no knowledge of anything, but he had a very strong interest in books this is where he obtained most of his knowledge. So you could say that Abe was a self-taught man. When Abe was a kid he had a variety of jobs such as: a shopkeeper, a surveyor and postmaster. For a while he even chopped wood. After that he had started his place in the government. He won a seat in the Illinois legislature when he was 25. Abe served in Illinois for several terms when he had served in Illinois he had started to study to became a lawyer. He had ended up running for U.S congress. He eventually ended up winning the seat. Abe served as a congressman for one term. A term is approximately 2 years. He tried to run for senate. Abe did not win. When he did run though his concern for slavery caught some people’s attention. In 1860 Abe ran for president. He was fairly new in the Republican Party which back then had a meaning that the northern states didn’t allow any states to succeed from the US. Or in other words leave the country and form there own. They were also against slavery. Abe was inaugurated in 1861which means he became president. The southern states did not want Abe to be president. Abe didn’t want slavery so all the southern states were getting mad because slaves could go to the north and be free. Before Abe officially became president the southern states began to succeed. The first to leave was South Carolina. Soon 6 more would leave ... ...d been bumped to General-in-chief of the whole union army. Grant led the union army against Robert E. Lee in Virginia. The both of them battled for over a year with grant winning over Lee in Virginia ion April 9th 1865 Grant offered some generouse terms for the confederate army so that they did completely destroy the south and there army. When Grant took office his popularity becamne more thatn ever before but when he tried to rin for his third term he was accused that his whole presidency was a scandal. Many of the people in his administration had stolen from the gaverment. After he didn’t win his third term he decied he should travel the world and meet all the countries leaders. Upon returning he tried to run for offcice again but was unsuccessful. So he started to write an auto biography. He later had died of throat cancer due to smoking cigars his whole life.