Clinton V. Lazio :: essays research papers

Clinton V. LazioMany of the upcoming November elections this year create much clangour and competition between the candidates. The late York State Senate race between Hillary Clinton and Rick Lazio has proved to very close and heated. eEach candidate has strong views on issues and puts up a good debate about each one. Hillary Clinton is the Democrat and Rick Lazio is the Republican in this election. This is a very close race and the winner will construe many of peeled Yorks views on future issues.Hillary Clinton, never having a legislative record, has been the First Lady to the President for 8 years. Clinton has been a resident of New York State for only a few months previous to the time she began running for office. Clinton is challenged by her opponent because radio and television ads seem to turn the public against Clinton. This is an lawsuit of Lazio criticizing her because of his negatively directed ads towards Clinton. Because Clinton has never been involved in a legislatur e before, she has no voting record. This could prove to be a disadvantage for Clinton because voters cannot see what she has previously supported. Hillary has an advantage in the election because the New York Times endorsed her. Being the most prominent newspaper in New York, this is a sign of success as the last two politicians endorsed by the NYT have won their elections. Another disadvantage that Clinton has is that she is not a born New York citizen. She has been carpetbagging, or buying property in a state just so she can run for office in the state. Hillary takes a firm stand on many of the issues facing New York State and the Congress today. Hillary Clintons views on abortion are that she supports the Roe vs. Wade ruling. This act was passed in 1973 when the US Supreme Court legalized abortion. She would vote to prohibition late-term abortion, unless the mother or child was threatened by the birth. Clinton would reject Supreme Court jurors who are opposed to abortion rights . Hillary also agrees with federal funds spend on abortions at military hospitals. Hillary acknowledges the competition between her and Lazio by retaliating to a comment he made by saying, My opponent Lazio is wrong. I have express many times that I can support a ban on late term abortion including partial-birth abortions, so long as the health and life of the mother is protected.

Agency essay for email :: Business Management Studies

room essay for emailText Box The Client/Agency Relationship Prestige Nursing & MKH Advertising What are marketing and ad agenciesThe purpose of this report is to evaluate the relationship Prestigehas with its marketing agency MKH Advertising.thither are 4 basic types of agency Full Service Agencies who carry out the full range of advertising & marketing activities for clients Media Independents who specialize in acquire media space Creative Specialists who focus on developing creative ideas Production Specialists who specialize in producing work in a certain format or mediumMKH is a large agency offering a full range of advertising-related servicings. They assist in planning and executing advertisingprogrammes and in exclusively stages of the marketing and advertising processto assist Prestige in getting the best from their advertising byproviding Prestige with the services of skilled & specialistindividuals. The content services MKH provides for Prestige are creating ideas fo rcampaigns and selecting and buying the media in which they willappear. MKH are also able to advise on marketing strategy, publicrelations and interconnected advertising campaigns involving above andbelow the line media buying.Their staff include an account manager, artists, writers, mediaanalysts, researchers, and others with special skills, knowledge andexperience that can help market Prestiges services.Why Prestige uses MKH They are communication specialists who understand integrated marketing communications and the consumer buying process. MKH provides an objective viewpoint of the market, enabling Prestige to achieve advertising objectivity & to maintain an independent and unbiased view of the marketplace. Have an extensive range of experience of the healthcare advertising industry & have worked on the accounts of our competitors, therefore giving an insight into the industry and possibly the competition. Have the experiences and contacts to put the Prestige bank line a head in the marketing communications field by in effect engaging and informing companies customers about the services or products. Enables Prestige to stand apart from the competition by retaining corporate identity reminding customers reminded of the services Helps Prestige business reach its marketing goals. Helps strategically position Prestige services in the market Generates revenue by building awareness of their product or service and therefore increasing sales.Key personnel & their roles in the MKH/Prestige relationship.MKH employs hundreds of people but the roles & departments within MKHcover the same basic job functions as or so other full serviceagencies, each performing various advertising functions such as Marketing Communications Promotions services (planning, creating and producing the

The True Story of Christopher Columbus Essay -- History, Discovery

He discovered the Americas. He cacographyed the first colony in the new world. He thought he was in Asia. Who is this brave explorer? Christopher capital of Ohio. stylishness and Wise Christopher Columbus was during his voyages.Christopher Columbuss birth date is unknown but believed to be between August 25 and October 31, 1451 in Genoa, Italy (Columbus, Early days of Boyhood hit 1-3). His parents were Domenico Columbo and Susanna Fontanarossa (Christopher Columbus Biography and Life theme par 1). Christopher Was the oldest of five (Columbus, Early Years of Boyhood par 1-3). His brothers were Bartolomew, Giovanni, Pelligrino, and Giacomo (Christopher Columbus Biography and Life Story par 1). His fauther was a wool weaver who had Christopher help him. Later Christopher got a job of sailing on trade ships to Asia (Christopher Columbus par 1-4). Christopher as a boy always wanted to sail. He decided to find a shorter way to travel to Asia. Doing this he would become wealthy, s pread the word of Christ, and to become known (Christopher Columbus par 1-4). He sent Bartolomew to try to get support from England and Spain to allow the voyage but, they were denied. Then when Spain defeated Granada in 1492, Luis de Sontangel who was a royal treasurer convinced Queen Isabella that she was missing a great opportunity. Finally in April of 1492 Christopher Columbus received royal approval for the voyage (Columbus, Success in Spain par 1). Then on May 20, 1506 Christopher Columbus died (The Journal of the Admiral of the Ocean Sea, November 7, 1504 par 2).Besides all of the waiting for royal permission Christopher make some great discoveries. On Christophers first voyage he was sailing for King Ferdinand II and Queen Isab... ... He had really no electric shock on the world then because nobody knew he had discovered a new continent (Christopher Columbus Biography par 4). People have tried to search for the shipwrecks of Capitana and San Juan but have had no luck ( Columbuss lost ships, The Capitana and San Juan 1503-1504). Christopher did make a sacrifice of leaving 40 men behind to start a colony, but all those ended up being killed by Indians (Christopher Columbus Second Voyage) par 3). The discovery led to an age of exploration and conquering. It always showed that the world was a lot bigger than everyone thought (Levinson 99-100). After a decade passed after the death of Christopher Columbus the whole coast from Honduras to Prenambuco had been mapped (Christopher Columbus and The Spanish Empire par 15). So Columbus really made a important discovery but never lived to know it.

Shakesperean Clothing Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever looked at a picture of your parents when they were your age? Or maybe your grandparents from way back when? Well, judging by how oft we laugh at their goofy clothes and ridiculous shoes, not to mention the hilarious hair sprints, styles have changed a lot. We?ve gone from high waists to low waists, baggy shirts to shirts that could concord your little sister, from bellbottoms to skin-tight jeans, and from voluminous hair to straight and silky locks. Yes, style can change a lot in a few decades and if you think thats a lot of change, try going back a few centuries, to the times of ShakespeareBack then, the women wore a lot more clothes than we do, that?s for sure The style included a chemise, stockings (hose), a corset or bodice, a hooped skirt called a Farthingale, a roll (rowle), a stomacher, a petticoat (or a few), a kirtle, and a forepart as underclothes. For over-clothes, they wore a gown, separate sleeves, a ruff, a cloak, shoes, and a hat. I never wear that many layers. Can you imagine how tender it would be in those clothes all day in the middle of July? As f...

Knights :: essays research papers

KnightsIn the fourth century A.D. the Roman Empire fell and Europe was invaded by various barbarian tribes. One of the dominant groups was the Franks of central and western Europe, who gradually expanded their power until their leader Charlemagne became emperor of the West. Powerful local lords and their mounted warriors offered aegis to peasants, who became their serfs in return. By the 11the century a new social order was formed my armored knights, who served a local lord, count, or duke, and were in turn served by serfs. When males were about seven, a boy of noble birth who was going to become a knight was usually sent away to a noblemans household, often that of his uncle or great lord, to be a page. Here he learned how to behave and how to ride. About 14, he was apprenticed to a knight whom he served as a squire. He was taught how to handle weapons and how to look after his masters armor and horses. He even went into battle with his knight, helping him put on his armor and assi sting him if he was hurt or unhorsed. He learned how to shoot a bow and to carve meat for food. Successful squired were knighted when they were about 21 old age old. Young men who wanted to be knights had to keep fit. So squires trained constantly to exercise their muscles, and improve their skills. They practiced with each other and also sometimes with their knightly masters.The main body armor worn my early knights was made of mail, consisting of many small, liked iron rings. During the 12th century, knights started to wear more mail. Their sleeves got longer, and mail leggings became popular. A padded garment called an aketon was also worn below the mail to absorb blows. In the 14th century knights added steel plated to protect their limbs, and the body was often protect further with a coat-of-plates, made of pieces of iron riveted to a cloth covering. A suit weighed about 44-55 lbs. And the weight was spread over the body so that a fit man could run, lie down, or mount his hor se unaided in his armor. The only problem was that the armor quickly made you hot. By the fifteenth century, knights were protecting themselves with full suits of plate armor. The armors smooth surface deflected the edges and points of weapons.

Knights :: essays research papers

KnightsIn the fourth atomic number 6 A.D. the Roman Empire fell and Europe was invaded by various barbarian tribes. superstar of the dominant groups was the Franks of central and western Europe, who gradually expanded their power until their leader Charlemagne became emperor of the West. Powerful local lords and their mounted warriors offered protection to peasants, who became their serfs in return. By the 11the century a new social order was formed my armored knights, who served a local lord, count, or duke, and were in turn served by serfs. When males were about seven, a male child of noble birth who was going to become a knight was usually sent away to a noblemans household, often that of his uncle or expectant lord, to be a page. Here he learned how to behave and how to ride. About 14, he was apprenticed to a knight whom he served as a squire. He was taught how to handle weapons and how to look after his masters armor and horses. He even went into battle with his knight, help ing him put on his armor and assisting him if he was evil or unhorsed. He learned how to shoot a bow and to carve meat for food. Successful squired were knighted when they were about 21 years old. Young men who cute to be knights had to keep fit. So squires trained constantly to exercise their muscles, and improve their skills. They practiced with each other and as well sometimes with their knightly masters.The main remains armor worn my early knights was do of mail, consisting of many small, liked iron rings. During the 12th century, knights started to wear more mail. Their sleeves got longer, and mail leggings became popular. A padded garment called an aketon was also worn below the mail to absorb blows. In the 14th century knights added steel dental plated to protect their limbs, and the body was often protected further with a coat-of-plates, made of pieces of iron riveted to a cloth covering. A suit weighed about 44-55 lbs. And the weight was spread over the body so that a fit man could run, take a breather down, or mount his horse unaided in his armor. The only problem was that the armor quickly made you hot. By the 15th century, knights were protecting themselves with full suits of plate armor. The armors smooth surface deflected the edges and points of weapons.

Possible Community Health Hesi Topics

Potential Community Health HESI Topic Areas These are some additional areas you may call for to considering being familiar with Ancathosis nigricans A skin checker characterized by dark, thick, velvety skin in embody folds and creases. Most often, acanthosis nigricans affects your armpits, groin and neck. Theres no specific treatment for acanthosis nigricans but treating any underlying conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, may cause the changes in your skin changes to fade Characteristics of acanthosis nigricans include Skin changes. Skin changes are the only signs of acanthosis nigricans.Youll notice dark, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases typically in your armpits, groin and neck. Sometimes the lips, palms or soles of the feet are affected as well. Slow progression. The skin changes appear slowly, sometimes oer months or years. workable itching. Rarely, the affected areas may itch. Acanthosis nigricans is often associated with conditions that increase your ins ulin level, such as type 2 diabetes or being overweight. If your insulin level is too high, the extra insulin may knowledgeability activity in your skin cells. This may cause the characteristic kin changes.Question pertained to nurse checking for lice and noticing dark patch of skin on neck. Advisor role antenatal lay on the line factors Anthrax incubation and exposure Assess trends and patterns Assessing income Assessment validation Assignments home care Make sure students know how to prioritize home health clients (i. e. which ones to see/call back first. ) When given the choice between a patient with COPD who is short of breath, a terminally ill pt who refuses to eat or drink, or a pt with congestive heart failure who has gained 3 lbs, choose the last one. Asthma triageBattering-communication If the marvel pertains to a nurse suspecting a womanly patient has been abused and the woman has her child in the room with her, the nurse should ask the child to leave the room and question the woman about the abuse. The question does not pe rtain to the child being abused. Breast cancer-risk (who is at greatest risk) Calculate step population COBRA-cost (client still has to pay for expenses) When the question asks what would be a business for a person who has lost their Job but has COBRA, the answer is paying for health care/expenses.Communicable disease (pertussis) Community assessment Community Assessment TB Community data source Community education evaluate Community resource elderly Community resources-population age Community resources rural Community strategies moral deficiencies Cultural competence Cultural -lactose intolerant Cultural Native American (Native Americans are at high risk for diabetes have the highest rates, so the nurse take to screen for and educate about this).Culturally sensitive teaching CV disease African American Diabetes AIC If a nurse is working in a residential area with high rates of diabetes and implements a rogram, at the end of 1 year (or whatever evaluation period is stated) the nurse will want to evaluate hemoglobin A1 C levels to determine effectiveness of program.Disaster Cholera (Priority for treating those with cholera fluid and electrolytes) Disaster- Professional Disaster red tag triage Disaster planning Disaster Preparedness fail Disaster triage color system Elder abuse- groundwork setting Elder health assessment Employee health Epidemiological triad host Epidemiological triad promoter Fall in home Family assistance ophthalmic meds Family ecomapFlu vaccine-priority Gatekeeper Genetic risk assessment Geriatrics home nutrition Geriatric syndrome home health GTD-hCG values Health Promotion Program Planning Heart healthy diet limit Heat stroke If an adolescent is playing sports at domesticate and goes to the school nurse with red, dry skin and other symptoms of heat stroke, the first thing the nurse should do is call for emergency personnel (not assess). Hepatitis A risk Hep B vaccine pregnancy Hepatovax B allergy Home care referral Home Health Management Home health PT Home safety post arthroplastyHypertension-BP measure Immunize 3rd world country Immunization rates Increase vaccination rates Infant mortality rate Influenza -prophylactic Relenza Lillian Wald Henry Street (she established the Henry Street Settlement) Lipid screening Long-term care-infection Long-term car fall prevention Meals-on-wheels Medicare Menomune vaccine migrator worker risks Morbidity data gather Morbidity data-glaucoma If a nurse is working with an elderly population and most of them are choosing to get a process that will CURE glaucoma, then the nurse will be concerned with assessing revalence of glaucoma (not morbidity).Needs assessment Neighborhood safe houses Neuman model line of defense Obese children-parent closeness Occupational health smoking Occupational nurse practitioner role Oral contraceptives smokers Osteoporosis prevention Outcome evalu ation Polypharmacy GERI Post vaccination teaching radical prevention adolescents Primary prevention WIC Priority HF lab results Program goal setting ty Care nursing nome Quality Care public clinic commission Quality health bicycle safety Rash with fever PEDI (chicken pox)Ritalin evaluation adolescent Assessing intervention with ADHD in an adolescent get their feedback on improvement, as their self-esteem is priority School age screen (obesity) School nurse role If an adolescent comes to a school nurse and tells her she is pregnant, the nurse will want to implement measures to ensure the teen and her baby are healthy. These things include referral to prenatal care, encouraging prenatal vitamins, etc.The nurse will NOT tell the parents and things like system childcare or teaching breastfeeding are not something the school nurse will be involved in. creening DM PEDI Screening priority Question regarding hypothyroidism and the nurse recognizes that mental dysfunction is a long-term consequence. What is screening priority? Answers included screening for T3 in preschoolers or children (? ), iodine screening in people over 60, TSH in women over 45, and T4 in newborns. The answer is T4 in newborns.Seat belt safety-adolescents Secondary prevention tobacco Secondary prevention children Sensitivity of tests Social presidential term Stakeholder If a community health nurse is going into a community to try to develop or implement n intervention, remember one of the discern things he/she must do is form a relationship with someone who would be identified as the stakeholder. Stakeholders will be someone who is invested in the health of the community and will be invested in the program to be implemented.They will be vital in the nurse gaining access into the community, the success of the program, and ensuring the sustainability of the program. STD-Reporting If an adolescent goes to the health dept and is diagnosed with chlamydia, the nurse must report this. I t is a reportable disease that is monitored by the state and the CDC, and the disease intervention specialist must be informed to do contact tracing.

Critical Appraisal of Life Cycle Assessment

Having an understanding of environmental sustainability of the complete life cycle of products and function Is becoming Imperative for organizations so they can comply with environmental standards and to meet the growing public expectation regarding the organizations role in managing their environmental impacts.But this is a obscure matter and this essay exactly appraises Life Cycle Assessment (LLC) as a tool to provide decision-making support in improving output processes in order to minimizes their environmental Impacts. The definition of LLC, a review of its application In Industry and advantages will be discussed first to form a basis for Its critical evaluation. The usefulness of this tool and Its potential Limitations and weaknesses in terms of applicability, standardization, cost, complexity and requirements of expertise will be considered.As an example, the role of LLC in improving the environmental impact of take out production system will be apply. In literature LLC Is defined as a systematic approach to analyses the environmental burden through the totally life cycle of a specific product or service that In turn helps o reduce that environmental burden by triggering areas of amelioration so that better technologies, product materials and process options can then be adopted (Roy et al. 2009 ISO 1997, AAA The Finnish Environment Institute, 2010).To critically appraise LLC it is imperative to manipulate its application in a specific sector so milk production Is considered. Milk production Involves live stock, agriculture, dairy farming, dairy packaging and dispersal (Household et al. , 2003). These systems are super inter-related and their combined effect is really complex for the LLC first phase of boundary allotment. Milk is not produced in isolation but production of cheese, court and butter is also uses the similar inventory and production system that make it difficult to identify the system boundaries (Hospice et al. 2003). Multi-prod uct system and difficulty of LLC in allocation of system boundaries Is also discussed by Warden et al. (2012) that relates the outcomes of LLC with allocation. In studies, contribute to transportation, packaging waste and CA emissions respectively (Thomas et al. , 2008). Roy et al. (2009) declare LLC as useful tool for various viands industries that helps to reduce environmental load by suggesting alternate reduction, processing, packaging, and distribution and consumption patterns.LLC also provides quantitative information that ultimately helps to provide stakeholders with information about corporation steps that have been practically taken to minimizes the environmental impacts of their production activities (Roy et al. , 2009). However there are various issues like generalization of LLC results, its cost and eon intensiveness, the compulsory expertise, difficulties in allocation of system boundaries and lack of standardization in its methodology that are imperative to resolve before adopting this methodology (Reap et al, 2008).The complex interacting nature of the environment and highly different environmental scenarios in different industries and countries also affect the usefulness of LLC. For example, in a review by Rossi (2004) of the LLC of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic across its life-style found that LLC quantitative methodology is highly subjective to data collection which can mislead the outcomes and in toxic chemical determination LLC is cannot provide absolute measurement. This implies that pesticides, antibiotics and detergents should be carefully analyses as part of the farm impacts and should be considered as a hot spot in milk production (HogwashAide, 2002). Defining functional units is very important and errors can arise overdue to assigning functional units to multiple functions and when handling non- quantitative functions (Cooper, 2003). However in milk production functional units are quantifiable but not standardized across var ious studies so that it is difficult to compare different results (Gao, 2012 Hogwash Aide, 2002). Similarly, boundary selection is subjective that could lead to less(prenominal) confidence in comparative studies of LLC (Such et al. , 2004).For example, in milk production if the packaging waste and the production of feed at the arm is ignored, that can generate highly different findings regarding environmental impacts. Omitting social and economic considerations in defining the goal and scope of LLC has also brought criticism that technical improvements cannot remove the need to make socially influenced decisions (Reap et al. , 2008). Therefore the lack of environmental and economic integration in LLC methodology can miss opportunities or limit the influence of LLC in decision making, in particular in private sector (Norris, 2001).To conclude, despite the limitations and inability of LLC to incorporate social and economic factors in relation to product life cycle assessment, it is s till a useful and highly established and adopted methodology for the analysis of environmental impacts. However it is difficult to implement LLC in small scale firms due to its cost, time intensive nature and required expertise in executing LLC. Standardization of methodologies and generalization of results is also a natural flaw in this approach due to highly different environmental condition and technological use by organizations.However in milk production, LLC as been very successfully applied in any(prenominal) countries as it allows boundaries to be set and also the selection of functional widely used in the whole dairy industry and results are being used to minimizes the environmental impacts especially when selecting chemicals, packaging, transport and feeding. Finally, it is concluded that there are no other alternative highly established methods of finding a product or services environmental impacts than LLC but economic and social considerations should be involved in this process to make it more useful in improving environmental impacts.

Planning to Work Efficiently Essay

This activity is concerned with the way that you plan march for your team. You should * report the targets set for your team, including the indicators that pull up stakes be used to measure these targets * Identify which, if any, of these targets is related to efficiency and/or effectiveness * Use one planning technique to plan a job activity in your runplace and condone how you would monitor the planned job activity. * Explain why the supply chain is so important in delivering results and clash your customer requirements.Mike PevittBolton College mission controversyBolton College works with a wide range of public and private sector organisations, including the Bolton Family of public sector organisations, to meet the education and training needs of Bolton, its geographical, cultural and concern communities. The College seeks to contribute to the education and training needs of the region and sub-region and, in relation to some niche markets, it will play a national and inter national role. We will support social and economic regeneration and contribute to measurable business success and community cohesion through the provision of flexible, innovative and responsive high school quality training opportunities, working in partnerships with employers, local communities, key agencies and training providers.We will create a high quality learning organisation which captures swell practice including a culture of continuous improvement, by providing inspirational, cutting edge teaching and learning which is responsive to the needs, interests and experience of all learners and leads to success. We will widen friendship and increase access to lifelong learning opportunities in education and training at a variety of locations and assist all our learners to reach and maximise their rich potential and progress in their learning and employment. Key performance indicators for the college and surgical incision are retention, achievement and success of the students, Functional skills feeds into all of these targets for the college as a square and now also individual department who use the services of thefunctional skills area. The current targets are set out below Ret Ach SuccessUnder19 hanker 1 89% 93% 83%Long 2 89% 93% 83%Long 3 87% 93% 81%The in a higher place targets are set for all teams within the college, this year the Functional Skills team have similar targets with the added support from other college departments to encourage qualifying students to attend, enrol and work towards passing their Functional Skills exam in Maths and English at the appropriate level for that student ranging from Entry Level 1 to Level 2. The repulse of the Scheme of work is to enable the subject to be taught in a logical planned manner, to make the lessons interesting for both the student and the lecturer and to realise that the correct resources in place to aid teaching and learning. The scheme of work will also assist in the retention of students on th e programme by also allowing them access to their planned year of study and regular assessment to measure attainment and learning. So it is essential that as a team we fanny plan the scheme of work and lesson plans together and allocate various duties to members to gather resources or research new resources and report back to the rest of the team at regular monthly meetings.PlanningAt the start of the college year the Functional Skills team will met before the start of the first term to plan the upcoming years scheme of work and effective lesson plans that all members can follow and be able to deliver the same programme to all learners whatsoever department they are in or their ability. The do involves the gathering of resources and planning a logical scheme of work which follows a dedicated learning process to enable the team and most importantly its students to achieve at their given ability level. This process can be perfectively demonstrated in the following Gantt chart. phyl ogeny of Functional Skills maths staff scheme of work and lesson plans.The scheme of work is developed with regards the college targets and the Ofsted new inspection Framework standards so that we can deliver a well-balanced logical course to the college students to enable them to progress to their ability level and obtain the qualification. All targets set are SMART -S specific, significant, stretchingM measurable, meaningful, motivationalA agreed upon, attainable, achievable, acceptable, action-orientedR realistic, relevant, reasonable, rewarding, results-orientedT time-based, timely, tangible, track ableA goal would be to hold a weekly project meeting with the key members of the functional skills team or to organise and run a continuous test programme throughout the completion of the general scheme of work. hebdomadary meetings are monitored and progress is measured against each member of the teams own target areas. The team leader will also monitor on a everyday basis usin g email to ensure that the members are on track and are not falling behind on what they have to do, The scheme of work has to be completed to enable the college supply chain to be maintained for other departments who use the functional skills team to deliver at least dickens hours a week of functional skills maths to those departments learners at the appropriate level.The general scheme of work and lesson plans will enable the other staff members to step in if a colleague is off for any reason they will know exactly what lesson should be delivered that week because they will be delivering thesame one to their prevalent classes. This means that the learner does not miss out on their lessons and will also enable them to achieve, this will also impact on that department as functional skills now forms part of their own performance criteria so a seamless delivery can only assist in the attainment of the department success.

Operational Plan

Operational Planning What is it? The cheek has an operational plan that clearly states the actions to implement goals and strategies identified in the strategic plan. Your organisation has immaculate the strategic be after process. An operational plan details the actions required to implement each strategy, assigning responsibilities, setting timeframes, identifying resources required and indicating what difference the specific actions willing make.When create your operational plan, ensure it is clear and able to be understood by solely subdivisions of your organisation developing the Operational PlanYou will withdraw to have at to the lowest degree one workshop to develop your operational plan with someone who will drive the process. This person is called a facilitator. A facilitator is a person who has experience or training in running work groups. He or she guides the operational supply process, ensuring the actions and timeframes are pitched at the appropriate level. Yo ur facilitator could be (1) an outside medical specialist facilitator (2) a prominent member from your community who has experience facilitating developing plans in the past, or (3) a member of the Management Committee or staff member to facilitate the process. It is very important the facilitator is trusted by the group. Each participant must feel comfortable to express their opinions. The most successful plans are those where all participants feel they have fully participated in the planning sessions and own the actions.Picking a not bad(predicate) facilitator is the first step in successful planning. The organisational plan is primarily the certificate of indebtedness of staff, representatives from the Management Committee and community will help ensure it reflects the intent of the Strategic Plan. Goals and strategies from Strategic Plan to action Goals and strategies that were identified in the strategic planning process will now be utilise for the operational or action pla nning process. Who is going to do what? When will they do it?What resources will they read and how will you know when the action has been completed successfully? The strategic plan provides a framework for the operational planning process, but how do you turn your goals and strategies into actions and thus into results to achieve these goals? Make sure the actions are realistic. Does the organisation have the resources (personnel, physical facilities, training, equipment, funding, etc. ) required to do this activity? If not, how will we obtain them and if additional resources rouset be obtained, how o we adjust the activity in line with the resources available. For each of the actions you need to identify the way to measure its success or otherwise. What differences will you see as a result of these activities? These are sometimes called outcomes or performance measures. These outcomes need to be measurable, preferably by numbers or timelines. Finally, you need to have someone to be responsible to ensure the activity occurs and the outcome is achieved. Who will do it? A table can be one good way of recording this process.An example followsGoal Healthier people in our communityStrategyAction/ActivityWhoWhenResources Community awareness activities relating to health promotionOpen day held on a quarterly basis to promote health issuesIndigenous Health Project OfficerJune 2007$ advertisingPromotional materials Children are informed of health issues Information sessions on health promotion at the local school on a monthly basisIndigenous Health WorkerJuly 2007Resources What has been described is the operational planning process.The results are made into either a booklet or a poster which is called the operational or action plan. This can then be use by the members of the organisation to follow the goals, strategies and proposed actions outlined in the operational plan. It provides the organisation with a guide that can be monitored, reviewed and evaluated at reg ular intervals to ensure the organisation is implementing its strategic plan. Related Documents Strategic Planning Topic Guide -0Strategic Plan Template -1Operational Plan Template -2 References Business Plans for Dummies Paul Tiffany & Steven Peterson IDG Books World Wide Inc 1997 Developing Your Organisation For Queensland Incorporated Associations Queensland University of Technology, 2005 Monitoring Performance Improvement M Tovey Prentice Hall 2001 Strategic Planning the Murri Way Kit HACC Resource Unit 1997 Websites used for examples of Mission Statements and Goals Ernabella Arts from Powerhouse Museum web site http//www. phm. gov. au/hsc/paperbark/contemporary. htmWal-Meta The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Public Sector Employment Development Unit http//www. wal-meta. qld. gov. au/aboutus/mission_statement. htm Batchelor Institute for Indigenous Tertiary Education http//www. batchelor. edu. au/public/documents. html -0 http//www. qld. gov. au/nongovernmental organi zation/documents/VOICE/gov_accountability/topicguide/StrategicPlanning. rtf -1 http//www. qld. gov. au/ngo/documents/VOICE/gov_accountability/templates_samples/StrategicPlan. rtf -2 http//www. qld. gov. au/ngo/documents/VOICE/gov_accountability/templates_samples/OperationalPlan. rtf

Georgia Atlantic Company Essay

During the de inviteion of the 1930s, Ben Jenkins, Sr., a wealthy, expansion-oriented lumberman whose family had been in the lumber teleph adept circuit in the southeastern United States for several generations, began to acquire small, depressed sawmills and wholesale lumber companies. These businesses prospered during World War II. After the war, Jenkins anticipated that the demand for lumber would surge, so he aggressively sought new timberlands to tack on his sawmills. In 1954, all of Jenkinss companies were consolidated, along with some other independent lumber and milling companies, into a single corporation, the Georgia Atlantic Company.By the end of 1992, Georgia Atlantic was a major force in the lumber industry, though not one of the giants. Still, it possessed more timber and timberlands in relation to its use of timber than any other lumber society. Worldwide demand for lumber was strong in spite of a soft world economy, and its timber supply should have put Georgia Atla ntic in a good position. With its assured supply of pulpwood, the company could run its mills at a steady rate and, thus, at a low per-unit production cost. However, the company does not have able manufacturing capacity to fully utilize its timber supplies so it has been forced to sell raw timber to other lumber companies to generate bullion flow, losing potential acquire in the process.Georgia Atlantic has enjoyed rapid result in both sales and assets. This rapid growth has, however, peed some financial problems as indicated in remit 1. The condensed balance sheets shown in the table reveal that Georgia Atlantics financial leverage has increased substantially in the last 10 years, bandage the firms liquidity position markedly deteriorated all over the same period. Remember, though, that the balance sheet figures reflect historical costs, and that the market values of the assets could be a great deal higher than the values shown on the balance sheet.For example, Georgia Atl antic purchased 10,000 acres of cut timberland in southern Georgia in 1961 for $10 per acre, thence planted trees which atomic number 18 now mature. The value ofthis acreage and its timber is estimated at $2,750 per acre, even though it is shown on the firms balance sheet at $230 per acre, the original $10 plus capitalized planting costs. Note also that this particular asset and others like it have produced zero business relationship income indeed, expenses associated with this acreage have produced accounting losses.When Georgia Atlantic was originally organized, most of the outstanding deport was owned by the senior Jenkins and members of his family. Over time, however, the familys ownership position has gradually declined cod to the sale of new common stock to fund expansion. In 1987, Ben Jenkins, Sr. died the presidency of the firm was passed to his son, Ben Jenkins, Jr., who was 61 at the time. By the end of 1992, the Jenkins family held only active 35 percent of Georgia A tlantics common stock, and this represented essentially their entire net worth.The family has sought to finance the firms growth with internally generated funds to the greatest extent possible. Hence, Georgia Atlantic has never telld a cash dividend, nor has it had a stock dividend or a stock split. Due to the plowback of profits, the stock currently sells for almost $2,000 per share. The family has stated a strong belief that investors prefer low-payout stocks because of their tax advantages, and they also think that stock dividends and stock splits set no useful purposethey merely create more pieces of paper but no incremental value for shareh of age(predicate)ers.Finally, the family feels that higher- valued stocks are more attractive to investors because the per centum brokerage commissions on small purchases of higher-priced stocks are lower than on large purchases of lower-priced shares. They cite the example of Berkshire-Hathaway, whose stock price has risen phenomenally even though it now sells for over $15,000 per share and pays no dividends. (The family does acknowledge, though, that Warren Buffett, Berkshires chairman, has done a superb job of managing the companys assets, and that the rise of its stock price reflects that factor as well as Buffetts financial policies.)As the date for Georgia Atlantics annual stockholders coming together approached, Mary Goalshen, the integrated secretary, informed Ben Jenkins, Jr., who is commonly called young at the company, that an unusually low number of shareholders had sent in their proxies. Goalshen felt that this ability be due to rising discontentment over the firms dividend policy. During the last two years, the average payout for firms in the paper and forest products industry has been about 35 percent yet for the 58th uninterrupted year, Georgia Atlantics board, under the Jenkins familys dominance, chose not to pay a dividend in 1992.The Jenkins family was also aware that several reports in the financial press in recent months indicated that Georgia Atlantic was a possible target of a takeover attempt. Since the family did not indispensableness to lose control of the company, they were anxious to deem the firms stockholders as happy as possible. Accordingly, Junior announced that the directors would hold a special meeting immediately subsequently the annual meeting to consider whether the firms dividend policy should be changed.Junior instructed Abe Markowitz, Georgia Atlantics financial vice president, to identify and then evaluate alternating(a) dividend policies in preparation for the special board meeting. He asked Markowitz to consider cash dividends, stock dividends, and stock splits. Markowitz then identified six proposals that he theme merit further consideration(1) No Cash Dividends, No derivation Dividend or Split. This was the position Markowitz was certain that Junior and the family would support, both for the reasons given above and also because he tho ught the company, as evidenced by the balance sheet, was in no position to pay cash dividends.(2) Immediate Cash Dividend, but No Stock Dividend or Split. This was simply the opposite of the no dividend policy. If a cash dividend policy were instituted, its size would still be an issue.(3) Immediate Cash Dividend plus a bombastic Stock Split. The stock split would be designed to lower the price of the firms stock from its current price of almost $2,000 per share to somewhere in the average price range of other large forest products stocks, or from $20 to $40 per share.(4) Immediate Cash Dividend plus a intumescent Stock Dividend. The reasoning underlying this policy would be essentially the same as that of Alternative 3.(5) Cash Dividend, Stock Split, and Periodic Stock Dividends. This policy would take in the company to declare an immediate cash dividend and, simultaneously, to announce a sizable stock split. This policy would go further than Alternatives 3 and 4 in that, after the cash dividend and stock split or large stock dividend, the company would periodically declare smaller stock dividends equal in value to the earnings retained during the period. In effect, if the firm earned $3 per share in any given period-quarter, semi-annual period, and so onand retained $1.50 per share, the company would also declare a stock dividend of a percentage amount equal to $1.50 divided by the market price of the stock. Thus, if the firms shares were selling for $30 when the cash dividend was paid, a 5 percent stock dividend would be declared.(6) Share Repurchase Plan. This plan is based on the premise that investors in the aggregate would like to devour the company distribute some cash, but that some stockholders would not want to receive cash dividends because they want to minimize their taxes. Under the repurchase plan, individual stockholders could find out for themselves whether or not to sell some or all of their hares and thus to realize some cash and some c apital gains, depending on their own situations.To dispirit his evaluation, Markowitz collected the data shown in Tables 2 and 3. As he was looking over these figures, Markowitz wondered what effect, if any, Georgia Atlantics dividend policy had on the companys stock price as compared to the prices of other stocks. Markowitz is also aware of one other issue, but it is one that neither he nor anyone else has had the nerve to bring up. Junior is now 66 years old, which is hardly ancient but he is in poor health, and in recent years he has been almost preoccupy with the idea of avoiding taxes.Further, the federal res publica tax rate is currently 60 percent, and additional state estate taxes would be due so well over half of Juniors net worth as of the date of his death will have to be paid out in estate taxes. Since estate taxes are based on the value of the estate on the date of death, to minimize his estates taxes, Junior might not want the value of the company to be maximized un til after his death. Markowitz does not know Juniors view of this, but he does know that his tax advisors have thought it through and have explained it to him.Finally, Markowitz knows that several Wall Street firms have been analyzing Georgia Atlantics breakup value, or the value of the company if it were broken up and sold in pieces. He has heard breakup value estimates as high as $3,500 per share, primarily because other lumber companies, including Japanese and European companies, are eager to buy prime properties such as those owned by Georgia Atlantic. Of course, Georgia Atlantic could sell assets on its own, but Markowitz does not pack that to happen as long as Junior is in control.Now assume that you are an outside consultant and have been hired by Abe Markowitz to stand by him with the analysis and make a presentation to the executive committee. First, Abe is not sure whether an announced dividend policy is a good idea. He believes an announced policy could cause the firm t o feel forced to take actions that otherwise would be undesirable. He has also expressed concern about signaling and clientele effects. As old man Jenkins used to say, If it aint broke, dont fix it.Thus, analyze the firms present dividend policy to determine how well the company has performed compared to other firms in the industry before discussing the implications of the alternative dividend policies and making a recommendation. Markowitz also wants you to discuss whether the firms historical rate of return on investment has been affected by its dividend policy, the estate tax issue, and the takeover issue.Junior is famous for asking tough questions and then crucifying the person being questioned if he or she has trouble responding. That is probably why Markowitz wants you to make the presentation. So be sure that you thoroughly understand the issues and your answers so that you can handle any follow-up questions that you might receive.

Assignment 1: Starbucks’ Strategy Essay

The purpose of this paper is to explore tell elements for Starbuck pertaining to their success their approach to organisational kitchen-gardening and focusings role in the prove success it has experience sphericly. Next, to converse about decision-making strategies that Starbucks management has implemented to maintain it competitive position in the commercialise place piece a competency that is used by management and why this particular competency assist in the fraternitys success regarding organizational culture. Lastly, share my discernment on long-term sustainability in the global industry in addition could the beau monde continue without Mr. Howard Shultz as CEO. Organizational CultureIn business management it is imperative that strategies are created and implemented so the ships ships company can experience egression and increase there revenue additionally they moldiness consider challenger advantage, short and long-term planning to continue to sustain their posit ion in the market, include the global market if it is applicable. In airing at Starbucks as a company a global leader in their respected industry, management had to consider the business strategies previously mentioned. However, management additionally had to consider organizational culture as part as of their strategic planning, along with being culturally sensitive since they operate globally.According to research, the concept of culture helps managers escort the hidden, complex aspects of organizational life (Draft, 2012, p.75). When Starbucks management strategically design plans to for company success it requires them to look at various elements both internally and eternally. This is important because when dealing globally the must understand the beliefs, values, etc. before operating in a particular area. Furtherto a greater extent, internally they have to ensure that their employees understand this information as 3well by doing this it allow make the operation operate smoo thly without any interruption to the operation. For instance, gaining an understanding observing things that are visible or indubitable which can be critical to internal operation such as, observing employee, beliefs, values, and much more. This requires management to incorporate the companys mission and vision so it testament eliminate conflicts so the company can function, as management desires in order to be profitable and competitive in the industry. The other key element is to focus on external elements, which will attract consumers to their stores, which is important when competing in a global competitive market. An analysis must be conducted to understand the customer competitor positioning, and marketing plans that will gain and allow the company to build its customer base this may require understanding customs, symbols, locations, etc.Thus, will increase profits and reduce liabilities and risk. Based on research it describes adaptability culture in both internal and etern al segments. Managers encourage values that support the companys ability to rapidly detect, interpret, and translate signals from the environment into new behavior responses. (Draft, 2012, p.78). This type of understanding in organizational cultural behavior promotes achievement and accordance for Starbucks. Managerial DecisionsStarbucks has been successful in their operation for many reasons because management is cognizant that customers need to feel welcomed and relaxed based on the facility layout and location. Additionally, this is back by employees who share in managements beliefs and values. Furthermore, the company is effective because they offer a variety of products that caters to their customer base. Perhaps one of the best advantages that management offers to their customers are unornamented improvements such as Wifi, reduced cost on unison such as CDs and free musical downloads for electronic devices, along with diverse music that caters to all ethnic groups.Manageme nt effectiveness against their competitors depends on cost, technology, productivity, and much more. The long-term goal for any company is to increase profits and decrease there doomed without compensating quantity over quality. This requires management to do business with quality producers of chocolate from around the world so their customers can have a variety of wakeless to select from. Additionally, the decision-making that management made to appeal to customers relies on technology and it has proven to be effective in their competitive advantage over the competition.Research suggests that, technology should be acquired to support the companys chosen competitive priorities, not just to follow the latest market fad. Also, technology may require the company to rethink its strategy (Reid & Sanders, 2010, p.43). It is imperative that management continues to be innovative in this area because technology is unendingly changing so they have to constantly look for ways to improve ma rketing, quality of products, and operational procedures. Key Management CompetencyA key managerial competency that managers should have at Starbucks understands that customer service and productivity enhances their capabilities as being global leader. The service that customers receive in a timely fashion will always be an important grammatical constituent when operating a business, thus, having knowledgeable staff that understands the functionality of the operation will minimize wait times, products will be made to company standards, and much more.Furthermore, offering the customers more service that are free and accessible is a key capability that will help them to fit into various organizational cultures the key is that customers are the antecedency having great products effective marketing and pricing strategies, and conducting a competitive analysis quarterly so they will know how to make adjustments that best suit the market conditions. Lastly and perhaps one of the biggest competencies management at Starbucks has and must maintain is good employees because they are an asset, they have the ability to take 5 directives, initiative, and produce a quality product that will keep customers satisfied and selecting them over the competition. These are all good competencies to have when operating a successful business globally. long SustainabilityAs a global leader in the coffee industry it can be said that the company has they proper structure and infrastructure to uphold a leader globally even if the CEO, Mr. Howard Shultz were to be replaced. Senior management has a sound business plan in place that is long-term and it will maintain its profitability as long as the company keeps its core values, beliefs, etc. Along with this the company will have to be diverse in its operation and products. Furthermore, the business will continue to thrive as long as the employees embrace change and are given rewards to help to maintain a positive morale and atmosphere, especially when operating and interacting with customers daily.It is believed that long-term sustainability involves proper planning, along with this management must understand the organizational cultures both internally and externally and must be willing to adapt. Also, in order for long-term sustainability to occur management must make periodic marketing forecast and competitor analysis always look for ways to improve and create new products invest in better equipment and training for employees make cost adjustments due to economic conditions, and much more. If the company continues to embrace and operate in this manner it will achieve long-term goals and objectives without the current CEO. ConclusionIn closing, Starbucks is a global leader in the coffee industry and as previously mentioned, in business management it is imperative that strategies are created and implemented so the 6 company can experience growth and increase there revenue additionally they must consider competitio n advantage, short and long-term planning to continue to sustain their position in the market, including the global market.One of the elements Starbucks understands the importance of organizational culture the company has been successful with their management and training department to incorporate their beliefs, values, etc. into the skills needed to compete against others in the coffee industry and by doing this the company has been able to expand, and has experienced an increase in profits. This type of business philosophy is critical when continuing long-term in achieving goals and objectivities through effective business strategies.Also, management must be confident in decision-making and must be willing to adapt when there are changes in the market, this may include but is not limited to the following, making changes to symbols, slogans, etc. Finally, it is believed that Starbucks could continue to operate as a successful company if the CEO were to change. The company has a sou nd business plan and training program that appeal to internal and external components to organizational culture. Additionally, management in their operation comes from diverse backgrounds and the company has been able to capitalize on their innovative ideas and have implemented changes that have not only benefited the company but more importantly the customers globally.ReferencesDraft, R. (2012). Management (10th ed.). Mason, OH Cengage Learning. Reid, D. & Sanders, N. (2010). trading operations Management. An Integrated Approach (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Importance of Learning English

TASK 1A garner to my teacher I would like to read something that increases my interest of the humans society. A literary work that leave alone devote an effect on how I see things and what I decide to do later in life. I would like to read a text that contains of a public conflict, politics, human rights or enslavement. I have read A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini and I would like to read a factual text that has the same effect on me. I got as involved as a 15 year old from Norway could, learned more about it and took part of discussions online.The book changed my life in many ways as got a newfound respect and understanding towards developing countries. I too learned a lot about myself as a person. I learned that I want to make a difference and work as a lawyer in the UN. If I were to choice up a book today, it would have been a book about conflicts in Africa. I would like to learn more about it and try to figure out what that could have been through, and what mu st be done to pr all the samet future conflicts.I believe discussing in a group session about casualty and our stimulate opinions is going to make students, and myself, more comfortable with expressing our ingest ideas and how we see things later in a victor life. Having debates and discussions in class leaves the students no other options than to actually study the text and get involved. I await that the reading project enriches my inner world, emends my grammar and my spelling. knowledge gives us access to completeledge and power and croupe return a lifetime of enjoyment.I likewise want to get a better understanding of why our world society has come to what it is today and why there are so many differences crosswise of our cultures. peculiarly when we are so connected in other areas like import and export, technology, the entertainment industry and colloquy via Internet. I want to learn how to envision our society decades ahead so that I rouse do my duty as a citizen and take part of the community. I understand I may non get all of my expectations fulfilled in just one literary work, but it certainly is a start. TASK 2A The great power that comes with the English manner of speakingEnglish surrounds us every single day, whether it is through a novel, texting, chatting online, articles, suck or music. It is a widespread language that most of the non- English speaking countries use as a communication tool with other non- English and English speaking populations. Not only is it because of the United demesnes colonies that English is so widespread, but also because of the great power that came with it. To this date the United earth and the United States of America have had a huge impact on the world because of their literature, business opportunities, ideas for a functional society and their entertainment industry.But why is it so important for us to learn English? parley is a keyword when discussing the importance of reading English. On the Wo rld Wide Web English is the main language and on most Internet pages it is crucial that one can understand English. For instance, most of the industrial world uses the internet to stay connected, therefore being able to understand English is more crucial than ever. From a social standpoint, lot who do not know how to read or write English could have big difficulties on a daily basis. For example, they often have trouble travelling.Consequently, those who are English nonreader may not be able to explore new cultures and this could keep him or her from experiential learning. The media gives people the opportunity to learn new information about the world, people, events and places. In a working life, it is important to know what is going on in the world in social club to be successful, and the medias main language is of air English. With good English skills, one can also expand their companies horizon with international partners, which is followed by even more success.The companies can take part of a bigger international community and speak to a greater public. On a global perspective, the English language in working life can also help prevent some of the poverty problems the world is facing. In addition to helping ugly populations out of troubled areas, the poor society can through English communicate with other industrial countries and get collaborations in order to help not only individuals, but a society as a whole. This also helps future generations. Another thing is that some of the African countries only have 13 % gender equality because the women are unqualified.With good English skills, they could have left the country to study abroad, accordingly return to their homeland and work for the government. The president of Liberia, Ellen Johnson is the first female president in any African country, and she studied abroad. It is important to understand that most of the responsibility lies with the government of the developing countries, but that in order for them to get there they need not only information but also knowledge on how to introduce the English language to their population.To improve my English skills, I believe I should read for enjoyment. version more pass on speed up the development of general knowledge, vocabulary and verbal fluency. Clark and Rumbold (2006, p. 6) states that reading for our own enjoyment is reading that we do of our own free will, anticipating the satisfaction that we will get from the act of reading. It also refers to reading that having begun at someone elses request we continue because we are interested in it. Reading for enjoyment gives a positive attitude to reading, and the more you read the better you get.Another important factor when alter my English skills is that I have to use the language orally. This will help expand my vocabulary and improve pronunciation. There are many reasons why people should learn English. Great writing skills are convinced(predicate) to earn respect. On the c ontrary, poor writing will be difficult to understand, and will leave a bad impression about the character. On a global perspective, it is fascinating to see how English skills can affect not only an individual, but a whole population.In addition to this, learning English will enrich your character and make you more wanted in a business context. References http//alla-kondrat. suite101. com/importance-of-good-writing-and-reading-skills-a97681 Updated Feb 21, 2009 http//www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2122007/Illiterate-Britain-One-adults-struggling-read-write-t-use-chequebook. hypertext markup language Updated 1013 GMT, 29 March 2012 http//www. decd. sa. gov. au/literacy/files/links/Reading_for_Enjoyment_9_1_1. pdf Updated Resource Paper Consultative write November 2010 http//www. globalis. no/Land/Liberia/(show)/mdg Updated unkown

Jainism vs. Sikhism Essay

Read the delegate chapters for the week and complete the following table. Be as specific as possible when identifying practices, beliefs, rituals, and historical elements. concern sources in APA formatting.Core BeliefsJainismSikhism1. Ahimsa principle of noninjury1. Naam Japna remembering god through meditation2. Sathya truth2. Kirat Karo earning a unbiased living3. Asteya non stealing3. Vand chakko sharing income & resources. Selflessly serving others.4. Brahmacharya celibacy5. Apigraha non acquisitionPart 2 act to the following questions in 150 to 200 words1 What do you think is the most crucial similarity and which is the most important difference? Use specifics to support your answer.Both faiths originated from the same part of the world. They are expected to be tolerant of all faiths and dont believe that one path has the monopoly on the truth.Janism Sikhism vegetarian because they belive believe it brings them closer to spirituality. they have and order of monks an d nuns they practice the Caste system polythetic religion are non vegetarians they believe that eating meat doesnt block your spirituality. is bound to truth at all time and practices god conscience. rejects the caste system and believes in gender equality. monotheistic religion.Consider the following statement Sallekhana ( sacred death) violates the Jain principle of ahimsa because it is an act of violence against oneself. Using examples from Ch. 5 of your text, what points might a confederate of Jainism make to argue against this statement?Jains will prepare themselves after they have reached their virtue. They will walk into rivers, lakes, and oceans as well as starve themselves when they become elderly with the help of their families.

Formal Report Exp 9

University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy natural interpersonal chemistry Laboratory APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO break HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee Group 10 2G-Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl meeting refers to a functional pigeonholing breaking OH- when it is a substituent in an complete intensify. It is in any case know as the character functional company of alcoholic beverages and hydroxybenzenes.On the separate hand, degree centigradeyl group refers to a divalent chemical substance social social unit consisting of a coke and an atomic number 8 section connected by a duple adhere. It is cognize as the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ket champions instead. In this taste, hydroxyl- or blowyl- containing savours were hitn to the group for examination. The sample s were analyzed through antithetical visitations namely the involvement of the solubility of alcohols in irrigate, the Lucas prove, the Chromic savage demonstrate or to a fault known as Jones oxidization, the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) experimentify, the Fehlings sample, the Tollens specie mirror study, and the Iodo constellation Test.The solubility of alcohols in water examine showed that the sample, benzyl alcohol was im mixable date ethanol was the most miscible from moreover the some different mixs utilise. musical composition in Lucas Test which was use to divergentiated the primal, unessential, and tertiary alcohols had moody tert- bargonlyyl alcohol into a dim stem afterwards. In Chromic loony toons Test which was a evidence for oxidizable compounds or any compounds that possess goingucing property would move over to a blue putting surface solution if it reacted despoticly. This was seen in all the sample apply in this test boot ou t for dimethyl ketone.Whereas Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test was pre represent to test for aldehydes and ketones which would take to a yellow orange pass if it was positively reacted. totally the compounds subjected to this test namely n- howe genuinelyraldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetone gave a positive direct. Fehlings Test and Tollens Silver reverberate Test were utilise to tests for aldehydes. In Fehling Test, both the n- scarceyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive result which was a brick red precipitate but acetone gave a negative result which was only a blue solution.While the Tollens Silver mirror Test had shown that both n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive result which was a facile mirror and thus once again acetone gave a negative result which was the absence of a silver mirror. Lastly Iodo unionize test was per organise and was known as a test for methyl radical carbinol and methyl carbon copyyl groups. Both acetone and isopropyl alco hol resulted to a positive outcome in this test which was establishment of yellow precipitate but n-butyraldehyde on the other hand yield to a negative result which was a yellow solution containing faint precipitate. INTRODUCTIONIn primitive chemistry, classification of test was tests that categorize a substance into one of approximately(prenominal) classes. They were used to detect functional groups and other structural features. Alcohol were derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more(prenominal) of the hydrogen members have been replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Hydrocarbons ar compounds which contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) only. The hydroxyl group imparts particular properties to the radical to which it is abandoned. 1 number 1. Alcohol Alcohols ar classified into three categories primordial coil (1), secondary (2) and tertiary (3).This classification is establish on the number of carbon-containing groups (R for an alkyl or an aromatic group) i nclined to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. If the carbon bearing the OH has one R group, the molecule is a primary alcohol. If both R groups ar disposed, it is past a secondary alcohol. If three R groups are attached, indeed the alcohol is tertiary14 depend 2. Three alcohol groups There are other molecules that contain an -OH group. Even though water (H2O) contains OH, it is non considered as an alcohol because alcohols were defined as organic compounds that have gnomish or no ionization of the ydrogen. Other organic compounds that contain -OH groups but are not alcohols are phenol (C6H5OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). These compounds are not alcohols because they are acidic. The term alcohol, consequently, is another representation of a event of electronic structure in the molecules of substances. 3 4 Phenols are aromatic compounds in which a hydroxide group is forthwith bonded to an aromatic ring system. They are very weak acids, and resembling alcohols, form eth ers and esters. The main phenols are phenol itself, cresol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and picric acid.Phenol itself (C6H5OH), overly known as carbolic acid, is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid, isolable from coal tar, but made by acid hydrolysis of cumene hydro bl severally, or by fusion of sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide. Formerly used as an antiseptic, phenol has more latterly been used to make bakelite and other resins, plastics, dyes, detergents, and drugs. 4 15 The hydroxyl- containing compounds used in the prove were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol.Ethanol also known as ethyl alcohol is a suck in, colorless lucid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Its low freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures below 40C, the freezing point of mercury, and for other low-temperature purposes, such as for antifreeze in automobile radiators. Ethanol is miscible in all proportions with water and with most organic responses. It is useful as a solvent for many substances and in making perfumes, paints, lacquer, and explosives. 15 Figure 3. body structure of Ethanol n-butyl alcohol also known as n-butanol, 1-Butanol or 1-butyl alcohol is a four carbon straight chain alcohol. It is a volatile, clear still with a toughened alcoholic odor, and is miscible with water. It is a highly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and hawkshaws. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is also used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. 7 Figure 4. Structure of n-butyl alcoholSec-butyl alcohol, a four carbon secondary alcohol, is a volatile, clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor with a water solubility of 12. 5%. This substa nce is most hazardous when peroxide levels are concentrated by distillation or e desiccationation. It is a highly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is flammable strongly with a luminous flame. It is used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. 8 Figure 5.Structure of Sec-butyl alcohol Tert-butyl alcohol is a clear, noncorrosive liquid. It is miscible with water as well as most common organic solvents. The sterically hindered tertiary butyl group imparts stability compared to primary and secondary alcohols. As a result, the solubility and oxidative stability characteristics provide many industrial applications as a response and serve up solvent and chemical intermediate. It is used as a non-reactive solvent for chemical receptions, a non-surfactant compatibilizer for many solvent blends, and a non-corrosive solvent.It is used in free radical polymerizations to dissipate monomers. TBA is a main raw worldly of tert-butyl functional group in organic synthesis. 9 Figure 6. Structure of Tert-butyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol also known as propan-2-ol, 2-propanol is a common name for a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H8O. It is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. It is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon is attached to two other carbons. Being a secondary alcohol, isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone.Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It is also relatively non-toxic and evaporates quickly. Thus it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving lipophilic contaminants such as oil. 10 Figure 7. Structure of Isopropyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful sol vent out-of-pocket to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol is partially soluble in water (4g/100mL) and completely miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.Like most alcohols, it reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters. Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. It is also a precursor to a variety of esters, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. It is lots added to intravenous medication solutions as a preservative due to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties. 15 Figure 8. Structure of Benzyl alcohol carbonyl group is a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an oxygen atom connected by a double bond.The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, acyl halides, amides, and quinones, and it is the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acid and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, and quinones are also known coll ectively as carbonyl compounds. Aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl groups attached to alkyl or aryl groups and a hydrogen atom or both. These groups have little effect on the electron distribution in the carbonyl group thus, the properties of aldehydes and ketones are fastend by the behavior of the carbonyl group.In carboxylic acids and their derivatives, the carbonyl group is attached to one of the halogen atoms or to groups containing atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. These atoms do affect the carbonyl group, forming a new functional group with distinctive properties. Figure 9. Carbonyl Group An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, called an aldehyde group, consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom with a single covalent bond and an oxygen atom with a double bond.Thus the chemical formula for an aldehyde functional group is -CH=O, and the general formula for an aldehyde is R-CH=O. The aldehyde group i s occasionally called the formyl or methanoyl group. The word aldehyde is a combination of parts of the words alcohol and dehydrogenated, because the initiative aldehyde was on the watch by removing two hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from ethanol. Molecules that contain an aldehyde group can be converted to alcohols by the addition of two hydrogen atoms to the central carbon oxygen double bond (reduction).Organic acids are the result of the introduction of one oxygen atom to the carbonyl group (oxidation). Aldehydes are very easy to detect by smell. Some are very fragrant, and others have a smell resembling that of rotten fruit. 15 On the other hand, Ketone features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. They differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl is placed between two carbons rather than at the end of a carbon skeleton. They are also distinct from other functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, esters and amides, which have a carbonyl group bonded to a hetero atom.Ketone compounds have distinguished physiological properties. They are found in several sugars and in compounds for medicinal use, including natural and synthetic steroid hormones. 15 The difference between aldehydes and ketones is in the groups that are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. In the case of an aldehyde, there is always at least one H atom attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. An aldehyde has one R group attached. R have a bun in the ovens for any other organic chain or group. In the case of ketones, there are no H atoms attached to the carbonyl carbon. The ketone has two R groups attached. 2 15 Figure 10.Structure of Aldehyde and Ketone Some of the carbonyl-containing compounds used in the experiment were benzaldehyde, n-butraldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and acetophenone. Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) also known as benzenecarbonal is a colorless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odor. It boils at 180C, is soluble in ethanol, but is insoluble in w ater. It is organize by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and on oxidation forms benzoic acid. It is called oil of bitter almond, since it is formed when amygdalin, a glucoside present in the kernels of bitter almonds and in apricot pits, is hydrolyzed, e. . , by crushing the kernels or pits and boiling them in water glucose and hydrogen cyanide (a poisonous gas) are also formed. It is also brisk by oxidation of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali. Benzaldehyde is used in the preparation of legitimate aniline dyes and of other products, including perfumes and flavorings. 13 Figure 11. Structure of Benzaldehyde Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) also known as ethanol is a colorless liquid aldehyde, sometimes simply called aldehyde. It is soluble in water and ethanol.Acetaldehyde is made commercially by the oxidation of ethylene with a palladium catalyst. It is used as a reducing cistron (e. g. , for silvering mirrors), in the manufacture of synthetic r esins and dyestuffs, and as a preservative. 11 Figure 12. Structure of Acetaldehyde n-butyraldehyde (CH3(CH2)2CHO) also known as butanal is an aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a colorless flammable liquid that smells like sweaty feet. It is miscible with most organic solvents. n-butyraldehyde is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing plasticizers, alcohols, solvents and polymers.It is also used as an intermediate to make pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, antioxidants, rubber accelerators, textile auxiliaries, perfumery and flavors. 12 Figure 13. Structure of N-butyraldehyde acetone ((CH3)2CO) also known as propanone is colorless, mobile, flammable liquid with a characteristic sweetish smell is the simplest example of the ketones. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. 6 Figure 14. Structure of Acetone Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is the simplest aromatic ke tone.This colorless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances. It can be obtained by a variety of methods. In industry, acetophenone is recovered as a by-product of the oxidation of ethylbenzene, which mainly gives ethylbenzene hydroperoxide for use in the production of propylene oxide. 5 Figure 15. Structure of Acetophenone The hydroxyl- and carbonyl- containing compounds were analyzed by utilization of different tests such as testing the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas Test, Chromic Acid Test (Jones Oxidation), 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test, Fehlings Test, Tollens Silver Mirror Test, and iodoform Test.Most organic compounds were not soluble in water with the exception of low molecular-weight amines and oxygen-containing compounds like alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones. Low molecular-weight compounds are generally limited to those with fewer than five carbon atoms. 14 Lucas Test often provides classification information for alcohols, as well as a probe for the existence of the hydroxyl group. Substrates that comfortably give rise to cationic character at the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group endure this test readily primary alcohols do not give a positive result.Since the Lucas Test depends on the appearance of the alkyl chloride as a second liquid phase, it is normally applicable only to alcohols that are soluble in the reagent. This limits the test in general to monofunctional alcohols lower than hexyl and certain polyfunctional molecules. 4 Chromic Acid Test also called Jones Oxidation detects the aim of a hydroxyl substituent that is on a carbon bearing at least one hydrogen, and therefore oxidizable. It is detected by the appearance of Cr+3 ion. This test can be used to differentiate aldehydes and ketones.A positive result would show green or blue-green solution. 4 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test can be used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl functionality of a ketone or aldehyde functional group. Keton es and Aldehydes would form yellow to orange precipitate after bear withing in this test. 4 Fehlings Test and Tollens Silver Mirror Test are used to detect aldehydes. However, Fehlings solution can only be used to test for acyclic aldehydes, whereas Tollens reagent can be used to test for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes.A positive result in Fehlings Test would give a brick red precipitate while in Tollens Silver Mirror, it is the formation of silver mirror. 4 Iodoform Test is a test for methyl carbinol and methyl carbonyl group. A positive result would yield to yellow crystals or precipitate. Its mechanism occurs through a series of enolate anions which are iodinated. 4 The objectives of the experiment were to distinguish whether a compound was a hydroxyl- or carbonyl-containing, to differentiate the three types of alcohols, to differentiate aldehydes from ketones and to relieve the mechanisms compound in the differentiating tests.EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds Tested * Ethanol * n-butyl alcohol * Sec-butyl alcohol * Tert-butyl alcohol * Benzyl alcohol * n- butyraldehyde * Benzaldehyde * Acetone * Acetophenone * Isopropyl alcohol * Acetaldehyde * Lucas reagent * Chromic acid reagent * 95% ethanol * Fehlings A and B * Tollens reagent * 5% NaOCl solution * Iodoform test reagent * 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine B. Procedure 1. Testing the solubility of alcohols in water The samples involved in the experiment were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol.Five test tubes were labeled with each of the alcohol samples. With the aid of a Pasteur pipette, 10 drops from each of the samples were taken then placed into the appropriate test tube. To the tube containing ethanol, 1-ml of water was then added drop wise to the tube containing alcohol and the mixture was agitate thoroughly after each addition. If mental confusion resulted, 0. 25-ml of water at a time was added continuously with vigorous shaking until a homogeneous airing results. The total volume of water added was noted. If cloudiness resulted after the addition of 2. -ml of water, the alcohol is said to be unmixable in water but if there was no cloudiness then it is miscible to water. The results were noted down. The similar procedure was performed on the test tubes containing n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. 2. using the Lucas Test This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Lucas reagent was ready by dissolving 16 g of anhydrous zinc chloride in 10-ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture was then allowed to cool.The Lucas Reagent was already disposed(p) beforehand. 50-mg or 2-3 drops of the sample was added to 1-ml of the reagent in a test tube and the mixture was shaken vigorously for a few seconds. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature. The rate of formation of the nebular suspension or the formation of t wo beds was ascertained. 3. Using the Chromic Acid Test / Jones Oxidation This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. 1 drop of liquid or a small amount of the solid sample was fade out in 1-ml of acetone in a small vial or test tube. drops of 10% aqueous Potassium chromate solution and 5 drops of 6M sulphuric acid were added into the mixture. 4. Using the 2,4-DNP Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde. The reagent was prepared by slowly adding a solution of 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15-ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, while stirring to a mixture of 20-ml of water and 70-ml of 95% ethanol. The solution was then stirred and filtered. This reagent was already prepared beforehand. A drop of a liquid sample was placed into a small sample. 5 drops of 95% ethanol was added and well shaken.Afterwards, 3 drops of 2,4-DNP was added and if no yellow or orange precipitate formed, the solution was allowed to stand for at least 15 minutes. 5. Using the Fehlings Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Fehlings reagent was prepared by mixing equal amounts of Fehlings A and Fehlings B. Fehlings A was prepared by dissolving 7 g of hydrated copper (II) sulfate in 100-ml of water. Fehlings B was prepared by mixing 35 g of Potassium sodium tartrate and 10 g of Sodium hydroxide in 100-ml water. Then, 1-ml of freshly prepared Fehlings reagent was placed into each test tube. drops of the sample to be well-tried was added in to the tube. The tubes were then placed in a beaker of boiling water and changes within 10-15 minutes were observed. 6. Using the Tollens Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. The reagent was prepared by adding 2 drops of 5% Sodium hydroxide solution to 2-ml of 5% Silver nitrate solution and mixing thoroughly. Next, only abounding 2% ammonium hydroxide (concentr ated ammonium hydroxide is 28%) was added drop by drop and with stirring to dissolve the precipitate.Adding excess ammonia will cause discrepancies on the result of the test. Then, four test tubes with 1-ml of freshly prepared Tollens reagent were prepared. Two drops each of the samples were then added. The mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. If no reception has occurred, the test tube was placed in a beaker of warm water (35-50 oC) for 5 minutes. Observations were recorded. It was noted that if Tollens reagent is remaining unused for a period of time, it may form explosive silver. This was avoided by neutralizing unused reagent with a little nitric acid and discarded afterwards. . Using the Iodoform Test This test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. 2 drops of each sample was placed into its own small vial or test tube. 20 drops of fresh centiliter bleach (5% Sodium hypochlorite) was slowly added while shaking to each test tube a nd then, mixed. The formation of a yellow participate was noted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Solubility of Alcohols in peeing In the experiment, five compounds were tested to determine the presence of the OH, hydroxyl group through solubility of the sample in water.The presence of an OH group was indicated by the miscibility of the substance. This follows the general rule in solubility that like dissolves like. Meaning, a polar solute will dissolve in a polar solvent and a non polar solute will be insoluble in a polar solvent. 14 Going back to the experiment, it was observed that alcohol was soluble in water but as the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the alcohol sum upd, the solubility of the alcohol sample decreased. It was also observed that branching of the compound increased its solubility in water.Branching will increase solubility since more branching will reduce the size of the molecule and make it easier to solvate the molecules with the solvent. 14 The results of the experiment show that the solubility of alcohols in water depends on the balance between the strength of the hydrogen bonds formed between water and the hydroxyl group, and the strength of the Van der Waals forces between the hydrocarbon chains of the alcohol. Alcohol Condensed Structural formulation Amount of Water (in ml) needed to produce a homogeneous dispersion Solubility in Water Ethanol CH3CH2OH 0. ml Most Miscible n-butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 2. 0 ml Miscible Sec-butyl alcohol 1. 4 ml Miscible Tert-butyl alcohol 0. 5 ml Miscible Benzyl alcohol More than 2. 0 ml Immiscible Table 1. Solubility of alcohols in water The hedge above showed that ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol were all miscible with water. Only benzyl alcohol had exhibited immiscibility with water. As stated, all alcohols were soluble in water except under C6. Hence, ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are all miscible with water.Eth anol has two carbon atoms, while the other three all have four carbons since they are all derivatives of the alcohol, butanol. Benzyl alcohol was immiscible with water because it is an aromatic alcohol. Ethanol was the most miscible alcohol followed by tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and n-butyl alcohol. Ethanol exhibited fastest solubility because it has only two carbon atoms as compared to the butanol derivatives having four carbon atoms. Tert-butyl alcohol was the most miscible among the butanol derivatives because it has the most branching substituents present. 2. Lucas TestThe four types of alcohols namely n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol were differentiated from each other by way of the Lucas Test. Lucas Test differentiates primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Reagents used include anhydrous ZnCl2 and HCl. Positive result was based on its turbidity or alkyl chloride formation and its rate of the reaction. Tertiary alcoho ls formed the second forge in less than a minute. Secondary alcohols required 5-10 minutes before formation of second layer while primary alcohols were usually unreactive. affectionateness Condensed Structural mandate Reaction -butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH Clear solution(+) Sec-butyl alcohol Clear solution(+) Tert-butyl alcohol Turbid (+++) /Cloudy solution and formation of two layers IsopropylAlcohol ClearSolution(+) Table 2. Lucas Test establish on Table 2, it was only tert-butyl alcohol which had immediately formed two layers or a cloudy solution hence, it was known to be a tertiary alcohol. Sec-butyl alcohol and Isopropyl alcohol when subjected to Lucas test resulted to a clear solution although theoretically, a secondary alcohol dissolves to give a clear solution then form chlorides which would yield to a cloudy solution within five minutes. -butyl alcohol was considered as a primary alcohol. It was unreactive but eventually would react after long period of time. Generall y, the order of reactivity of the alcohols toward Lucas reagent was 321 because the reaction rate was much faster when the carbocation intermediate was more stabilized by a greater number of electron donating alkyl group bonded to the positive carbon atom. This means that the greater the alkyl groups present in a compound, the faster its reaction would be with the Lucas solution. 1 Figure 16.Reaction in Lucas Test 3. Chromic Acid Test (Jones Oxidation) This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. The chromic acid test classifies the three types of alcohols by oxidizing the alcohol. The test was also used to be able to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Since primary and secondary alcohols were also oxidized by the chromic acid reagent, this test was not useful for distinguishing aldehydes unless a positive identification of a carbonyl group has been obtained from the 2,4-DNP test.Chromic acid has an orange-red color du e to the presence of Cr+6 ions, upon oxidation of the aldehyde, the chromium was reduced to Cr+3, which had a green color. A positive result was indicated by a green precipitate due to chromous sulfate, Cr? (SO? )?. 1 From the results, it was noted that the formation of an opaque blue-green suspension within 2-3 seconds, accompanied by disappearing of the orange color of the reagent, indicates a primary or secondary alcohol. A primary alcohol oxidizes readily, first to an aldehyde, then to a carboxylic acid.These two oxidation steps made sense because the primary alcohol functional group has two C-H bonds that can be broken secondary alcohols were oxidized to ketones, a secondary alcohol only has one C-H bond that can be broken, so it can only oxidize once, to a ketone a tertiary alcohol has no C-H bond that can be broken, so it was not oxidized, no matter how strong the oxidizing agent was. During the oxidation, the orange-red color of the chromic acid changed to a blue-green solut ion. Figure 17. Oxidation of the three types of Alcohols The results also show that aldehydes gave the same result but reacted more slowly.With aliphatic aldehydes, the solution turned cloudy in about 5 seconds, and the opaque blue-green suspension formed within 30 seconds aromatic aldehydes required 30-90 seconds or longer before a suspension formed. The generation of some other dark color, particularly with the liquid remaining orange, was considered a negative test. It was concluded that alcohols and aldehydes are oxidized by chromic acid but ketones were not because they dont have a hydrogen atom attached to their carbonyl group that can be used for oxidation. Figure 18. Oxidation of Aldehyde Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction -butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH Blue green solution(+) Sec-butyl alcohol Blue green solution(+) Tert-butyl alcohol Blue green solution (+) n-butyraldehyde Blue greenSolution (+) Benzaldehyde Blue green solution(+) Acetone Green solution(-) Table 3. Reactions to the Chromic Acid Test It was observed that all the compounds tested gave a visible positive result, a blue green solution, except for acetone which had yielded to a green solution. 4. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde.The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test determined the presence of a carbonyl group in the sample compound. The test used an organic reactant, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, to distinguish the carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, from the non-carbonyl compounds, alcohols. The 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent was a evident yellow solution. When this reagent was subjected in the presence of a carbonyl compound, a yellow colored precipitate would form while in the presence of an alcohol, the solution would remain translucent yellow with no precipitate formed.The reaction of 2,4-DNP with an aldehyde or ketone was a condensation reaction. Under less acidic conditions, in th is type of reaction, a nucleophile donates a pair of electrons toward the carbonyl carbon forming a single bond to it. 2 At the same time the double bond between the carbonyl carbon and oxygen becomes a single bond as one bonding pair of electrons in the double bond moves to become an unshared pair on the oxygen. The oxygen now has one bond to it and it holds three pairs of unshared electrons, so it has a negative charge.Consequently, the oxygen picks up a proton from somewhere and becomes an -OH group. The proton from the acid attaches itself to one of the unshared pairs of electrons on the oxygen. The carbonyl group now has a +1 charge and is very inviting to even a weak nucleophile. So, the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon forming a bond and the doubly bonded oxygen of the carbonyl becomes an -OH, as before. 1 Figure 19. Nucleophilic addition of 2,4-DNP to Acetone. As seen just below, this product is not usually the one that was isolated.Rather this product undergoes an el imination reaction in which the -OH was removed from the carbon to which it is attached and the hydrogen was removed from the nitrogen immediately to the right, resulting in a double bond between the nitrogen and carbon and a molecule of water. The final product was known as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. That is why this reaction was also considered as an elimination reaction. Figure 20. Elimination reaction of DNP Figure 21. Reaction of 2,4-DNP with a Carbonyl group Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction n-butyraldehyde yellowed- orange precipitate(+)Benzaldehyde Yellow orange precipitate(+) Acetone Yellow orange precipitate(+) Table 4. Reactions to the 2,4- DNP Test As shown on table 4, it was observed that there was a formation of a yellow orange precipitate in all the compounds used. This would then indicate a presence of either an aldehyde or a ketone. 5. Fehlings Test Fehlings test differentiated aldehydes and ketones. It was based upon the ability of the aldehyd e group to reduce the Cu+2 ion of Cu(OH)? , a blue color, to the Cu ion of Cu? O, a dark red color, in the presence of a base.Fehlings solution contains copper (II) ions complex with tartrate ions in sodium hydroxide solution. skin color of the copper (II) ions with tartrate ions prevents precipitation of copper (II) hydroxide. Aldehydes reduce the complex copper (II) ion to copper (I) oxide, changing the color of the solution to brick red or dark green. Because the solution is alkaline, the aldehyde itself is oxidized to a salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid. 2 In short it involved a redox reaction wherein aldehyde was oxidized to carboxylic acid and ketones did not undergo oxidation. Copper was reduced from Cu2+ to Cu+. Figure 22.Oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid through Fehlings test It was a test for aldehydes. Reagents include CuSO4, NaOH. A positive result is the formation of brick red precipitate (Cu2O/cupric oxide). This test was performed on acetone, n-butyrald ehyde, and benzaldehyde. Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction n-butyraldehyde Brick red precipitate (+) Benzaldehyde Brick red precipitate(+) Acetone Clear blue solution(-) Table 5. Reactions to the Fehlings Test As shown in Table 5, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde exhibited positive result while acetone exhibited an absence of brick red precipitate.It can be concluded that n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were both aldehyde. 6. Tollens Silver Mirror Test Tollens silver mirror test was a test for aldehydes. Tollens reagent was an ammoniacal solution of silver ion prepared by dissolving silver oxide in ammonia. The preparation of the reagent is based on the formation of a silver diamine complex that is water soluble in basic solution. In this reaction, the aldehyde was oxidized to a carboxylic acid while the Ag+1was reduced to silver metal, which deposited as a thin film on the inner surface of the glass.The generic reaction was as follows and was specific for aldehyde s. 16 Figure 23. Oxidation of aldehyde with Tollens reagent Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction n-butyraldehyde Silver Mirror(+) Benzaldehyde Silver Mirror(+) Acetone Clear grayish-bneediness solution (-) Table 6. Reactions to Tollens Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. Based on the results seen in table 6, it was concluded that the aldehyde samples produced a silver mirror on the inner surface of the test tube since aldehydes were substantially oxidized.The ketones sample, acetone, on the other hand, didnt form this mirror image because of its inability to oxidize due to the lack of a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group that could be used for oxidation. 7. Iodoform Test Iodoform test was a test for methyl carbinol, secondary alcohol with adjacent methyl group, and methyl carbonyl. Methyl ketones, but not other ketones, were oxidized by iodine in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The ketone was oxidized to a carbo xylic acid which yellow iodoform/ precipitate would be formed. It was the yellow precipitate formed would be the basis of a positive result.Acetaldehyde, but not other aldehydes, would yield to a positive result in this test owing to its structural similarity to methyl ketones. It was also full-strength that ethanol would be oxidized to acetaldehyde and secondary alcohols that could be oxidized to methyl ketones given this test. 2 Figure 24. Oxidation of a methyl ketone Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction N-butraldehyde Yellow solution with dispirited precipitate (-) Acetone Yellow precipitate Isopropyl alcohol Yellow precipitate Table 7. Reaction to the Iodoform TestThis test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. Based on table 7, the results indicate that the methyl ketones of isopropyl alcohol and acetone were oxidized by iodine to carboxylic acids because the compounds formed a yellow precipitate while n-bytraldehyde didnt. It was the n concluded that compounds with a methyl group next to the carbonyl group would give a positive result in the iodoform test, ethanol and secondary alcohols with the methyl group attached to the same carbon as the OH- group would also give a positive result.During the experiment, the compounds acetaldehyde and acetophenone were not available. This was the reason why results of these compounds in different tests were not observed but based from different informations which were gathered from different sources. Acetophenone would give a positive result in the following test namely 2,4 DNP test and Iodoform test. While acetaldehyde would give a positive result in the following test namely Chromic Acid test, 2,4 DNP test, Fehlings test and as well as Tollens Silver Mirror test. REFERENCES From books 1Lehman, John W(2009).Operational Organic Chemistry A Problem-Solving Approach to the Laboratory Course. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Prentice. 2Martin, Stephen F(2011). Organic Che mistry Laboratory Experiments Miniscale and Microscale. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. 3McMurry, John(2010). Foundations of Organic Chemistry, Philippine Edition. Cengage Learning. 4Shriner, Ralph Lloyd (1980). Systematic Identification of Organic Compound A Laboratory Manual (6th Ed. ). John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York Van Hoffmann Press. From Websites 5Acetophenone. www. chemicalland21. om/industrialchem/solalc/ACETOPHENONE. htm 09/09/11 6Acetone. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/ACETONE. htm 09/09/11 7n-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/NBUTYLALCOHOL. htm 09/09/11 8Sec-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/2-BUTANOL. htm 09/09/11 9Tert-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/TERTBUTYL%20ALCOHOL 09/10/11 10Isopropyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/petrochemical/ISOPROPANOL. htm 09/10/11 11Acetaldehyde. www. ntp. niehs. nih. gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s001acet. df09/10/11 12n-butyraldehyde. w ww. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/organic/N-BUTYRALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 13Benzaldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/specialtychem/perchem/BENZALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 14Solubility of Things. www. solubilityofthings. com/water/alcohols 09/09/11 15Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones. www. ipfw. edu/chem/112/kimble/3-Alcohol%20Aldehyde%20Ketones. pdf 09/10/11 From scientific journals 16Ennis, J. L. and E. S. Shanley. Silver Nitrides. Journal of Chemical cultivation (1991) 68, A6. Silver Nitrides. Journal of Chemical Education (1991) 68, A6.