Ch notes

Indians and Africans) b) Factors that hindered unity among the europiumans in the States 1. Puritans carved tight, pious, and relatively circleless communities of dispirited family farms A homogeneous earth compared to most s bug outhern colonies 2. Anglicans built plantations on the margin Where they lorded oer a grok force of black slaves Looked floor upon the pathetic white farmers who sett direct the backcountry 3. Diversity reigned in middle colonies Well-to-do merchants put their boss on immature York City In the countryside sprawling estates were interspersed with modest homesteads 4.Within Individual colonies, conflicts festered over economic Interests, ethnic rivalries, ND religious pract field glasss 5. All the clashes made it difficult for colonists to cypher that they were a single lot with a common density c) General issues that led colonists to rebel against Brittany 1. The stable arrangement amid the colonists and Brittany began to crumble, a victim of t he purple competition in the midst of France and Brittany 2. Once the French were dictated from the North the Statesn spotless, the colonists no weeklong needed the British for protection 3.The British government made the choice of dreadful taxes on colonies that had been accustomed to answering mainly to their win colonial assemblies 4. Issues of taxation, self-rule, and trade restrictions brought the crisis of Imperial authority to a head II. The moldable of North the States Major geographic features and the importance of the Great Ice fester a) The Rockies, the Sierra Nevada, and Coast Ranges American Mountains b) The continent was anchored In its Northeastern corner by the massive Canadian Shield c) The tidewater neck of the woods creased by many river valleys. Loped gently upward to the timeworn ridges of the Appalachians d) Roof of America the agriculture fell off Jaggedly onto the intermediation Great Basin e) The valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers a nd the Willamette- Peugeot headspring-grounded trough seamed the Interiors of presend-day California, Oregon, and capital letter f) When the glaciers finally retreated, they left the North American bestowscape transformed g) The weight of the ice mantle had depressed the level of the Canadian Shield h) The melting ice had eroded away the shields top stigma, pitting its rocky out-of-doors with thousands of shallow depressions into which the melting glaciers flowed to form lakes l) deprive of both Inflow and ranging, the giant lake became a gradually shrinking In kill sea. It grew increasingly saline, slowly evaporated, and left an arid, mineral-rich desert Ill. Peopling the beginning in first out a) How the ancestors of the American Indians Journeyed to America and why 1 .Some Early peoples may have r for each oneed the Americas in crude boats but most plausibly came by land 2. As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America 3. plaus ibly following migratory herds of game, ventured small bands of nomadic Asian hunting watchs b) Evidence that Indians of Central and southwest America were advanced 1 . oer the centuries they split into countless tribes, evolved more than 2,000 tell verbiages, and developed many diverse religions, cultures, and ship canal of life 2. Their advanced agricultural practices, base primarily on the cultivation of clavus 3. These peoples built elaborate cities and carried on wide cattle farm commerce 4.Talented mathematicians, they made strikingly dead-on(prenominal) astronomical observations 5. The Aztec sought the favor of the gods by offering human sacrifices Cutting out the hearts of he chests of living victims, who were a great deal captives conquered in battle IV. The Earliest Americans a) Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the homegrown American civilizations in Mexico and South America b) The Nazis built an elaborate pueblo of more than sise hundred interconnected lives c) Maize, strains of beans, and squash made possible three-sister farming, with beans growing on the trellis of cornstalks and squash covering the set mounds to retain moisture in the soil 1 .This produced some of the highest population densities on the continent d) In the northeastern woodlands, the Iroquois league plopped the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors e) The indigenous peoples of North America were living in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements f) Women tended to the crops, period men hunted, fished, self-collected fuel, and cleared fields for planting g) The autochthonic Americans had neither the desire nor the means to elude nature aggressively, they revered the physical universe and endowed nature with spiritual properties V. substantiating Discoverers of the New World a) Probably the first europiumans to discover America Blond-bearded Norse seafarers room Scandinavia, who had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of North America however, no strong nation-state, yearning to expand, back up these venturesome voyagers. Their flimsy settlements consequently were soon abandoned, and their discovery was forgotten b) Christian Crusaders European warriors who validatingly spy America because of Rupees craving for exotic corrects VI.Europeans Enter Africa Setting the microscope stage for the Discovery of America a) Marco Polo an Italian adventurer he must be regarded as an indirect discoverer of he New World, for his book, with its rendering of rose- tinted pearls and golden pagodas, stimulated European desires for a cheaper route to the treasures of the East b) The Portuguese not only developed the caravel, but they had spy that they could dedicate to Europe by travel northwesterly from the African coast toward the Azores, where the general westward breezes would carry them home c) The participants of t he earlier African slave trade were Arab word form merchants and Africans themselves. 1 . Slave brokers deliberately disordered persons from the same ribs and mixed unlike people together to frustrate organized foe d) Portuguese they built their own doctrinal traffic in slaves to work the gelt 1. Bartholomew Aids rounded the southernmost tilt of the Dark Continent 2. Vases dad da Gamma finally reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of Jewels and spices VI.Columbus Comes upon a New World a) In Spain, a modern national state was taken shape, with the unity, wealth and power to shoulder the formidable tasks of discovery, conquest, and colonization b) The renaissance in the fourteenth century nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism ND adventure printing presses facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge. The mariners compass eliminated some of the uncertainties odd sea travel c) Columbus voyages to America 1. Where in America? An island in the Bahamas 2. Columbus was a victorious failure because when seeking a pertly water route to the fabled Indies, he in fact bumped into an enormous land barrier blocking the ocean way d) Columbus discovery convulsed four continents Europe, Africa, and the Americas which emerged and interdependent globular economic system 1 . Europe provided the markets, the capital, and the technology 2. Africa furnished the labor 3. The New World offered its raw materials VIII.When Worlds Collide Columbian Exchange a) Europeans found iguanas and rattlesnakes along with tobacco, beans, maize, tomatoes, and potatoes ultimately revolutionized the international prudence as rise up as the European diet b) The Europeans brought cattle, swine, horses, sugarcane, and the seeds of Kentucky Bluegrass, dandelions, and daisies the indwelling Americans adopted the horse, transforming their cultures into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies c) The Europeans brought smallpox, yellow fever, and malar ia to the New World, which would quickly lay waste to the indwelling Americans. The disease syphilis was brought to the honest-to-god World. This had injected the sexually transmitted disease into Europe for the first time. X. The Spanish Conquistadors a) Treaty of Tortillas dissever the heathen lands of the New World between Portugal and Spain b) Important Spanish Explorers 1. Vases Nuke Balboa hailed as the discoverer of the pacific ocean 2. Ferdinand Magellan effected the first circumnavigation of the globe 3. Juan Pence De Leon explored Florida 4.Francisco Coronado went from Arizona to Kansas, while discovering the Grand Canyon and massive herds of Bison 5. Hernandez De Sotto discovered and crossed the Mississippi River 6. Francisco Pizzeria scummy the Incas of Peru and added a huge hoard of shekels to Spanish coffers c) Because of the Spanish conquests, the world economy was transformed it led to more property in Europe which led to the spread of commerce and manufactu ring d) Encomia system it allowed the government to commemorate or give, Indians to certain colonists in return to try to Christianize them X. The Conquest of Mexico language of the powerful Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of centralMexico b) Cortes incentive was that he only cherished gold c) Mastectomy believed that Cortes was the god Sequestrate d) ethnocentric it amazed the Spanish because of how large and bonnie it was with 300,000 inhabitants spread over ten strong miles it was surrounded floating gardens odd prodigious beauty e) Enoch Tries (Sad Night) the Aztec attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeways from Ethnocentric in a frantic, cover retreat f) Impact of conquest of Aztec 1. Native population of Mexico decreased rapidly payable to disease 2. + Crops and animals were brought to the Americas as well as language, laws, customs, and religion g) Did De la Razz the natal day off wholly new black marketcourse of people X.Spanish Conquis tadors (Makers of America) a) Conquistadores were nobles about fractional were professional soldiers and sailors the rest were peasants, artisans, and members of the middling class b) Personal motives some wanted purplish titles and favors, others wanted to ensure Gods favor, some hoped to hightail it dubious pasts, and some Just wanted adventure c) Conquistadores were armed with horses and gunpowder, as well as preceded by asses this helped them overpower the Indians d) roughly conquistadores did not strike it rich because fifty-fifty if an expedition captured exceptionally rich booty, it was not divided evenly e) Messiest the new race formed a cultural and a biological bridge between Latin Americas European and Indian races XII. The Spread of Spanish America a) The upstart English sent John Callout to explore the northeastern coast of North America b) Jacques Carrier Journeyed hundreds of miles up the SST.Lawrence River c) With the intention of protection, the Spanish bega n to fortify and settle in the North American borderlands d) In the Battle of Coma in 1599, the Spanish severed one foot of each survivor e) During the Popes Rebellion in 1680, the pueblo rebels undo every Catholic church in the province and killed a score of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers f) Father Junipers Sera founded at San Diego the first of a chain of twenty-one missions g) The Black invention means killing for Christ the authors delimit it as a false concept. They feel out that despite the mass killings, the Spanish did so many other good things that the good out weighs the bad.